moon

Jan 1960 Apollo riding his chariot across the Sun was appropriate to the grand scale of the proposed program and Apollo had not done anything that would not have been appropriate.

Why???

The space race between the soviet union and the us

Apollo is political we wanted to be the first to set foot on the moon

wright bros (1903)

Alcock brown (1919)

Spirit of Saint Louis (1927)

Bell XI (1947)

Boeun 707 (1958)

The space race isn't that long about the same time as an average college career.

The Soviet Union dominated the meaning of first when it comes to doing things first with space.

But the US did it more times.

Oct 1 1957 soviet union launched its first satellite named Sputnik.

Mass is everything in space flight.

The Soviet Union launched half a ton which was the weight of a nuclear bomb.

NASA was signed into law by President Eisenhower on 29 July 1958

The reason NASA was started was to go to the moon that was the main point the pitch and main idea would develop in stages we’d put people in space build infrastructures and use the infrastructures to visit other planets (idea for (NASA)

Haven't landed on the moon since 1972 Apollo

9 years after John F. Kennedy said wed land on the moon after only orbiting space for 5 min

Apollo was a political program, not a science program.

Project Apollo was as much a projection of a positive image of the US as it was about science and exploration.

Haven't gone back because it is very very expensive

Gravity is an attractive force between objects with mass it depends on the mass of the objects themselves where the planet they are and the distance apart

Fgravity =GMm/R^2

Little g= Local gravity =g not G’

Weight = mg=attraction of gravity to the center of the earth

Little g depends on what world you are at

Gravity is ⅙ as string on the moon tan on earth

Moon has no atmosphere which means there is no air resistance

No atmosphere means extreme temperatures noon-260 F midnight= -280F

Free fall time t= square root of 2d over g = 2d/g

F=ma

Force does not depend on the world ur in so it does not depend on g (local gravity.

F = friction does depend on little g (local gravity)

Earthes g is 9.8 moons is 1.6

APOLLO SPACE SUITS

Contract awarded April 1962

Designed and constructed by ILC Dover a division of the international Latex Corporation

To regulate temp in a space suit with water on a big underwear skin type thing that passes warm water when it is cold and cold water when it's hot

Wear diapers for numbers 2 and 1

Space suits have mechanical things that allow astronauts to move. They have limited arm movement and need to get on their knees to pick things up.

Basically inside a big balloon

Have little spacial awareness because of how many layers you have on

Nowhere in the universe that has no gravity

Getting to space and staying there is not a matter of getting away from Earth.

If u stop moving in space you will fall back toward Earth

Moving vertically can get you into space but you will not stay there

Getting to space and staying in there is mostly about moving HORIZONTALLY very fast

The vertical part of a rocket launch is very short they move horizontally just trying to get out of the atmosphere then go horizontally (turn sideways and burn like mad

When ur in orbit it's a continuous free fall around the world your just falling towards Earth but always missing it

Orbit = weightless = no net force

ROCKETS

Rockets don't interact with the environment like cars boats and planes

Momentum

DeltaV =speed of rocket = u time m/M = speed of fuel times the mass of fuel divided by mass of rocket plus fuel

Have to travel 2.2 miles in half a second to go into orbit

A rocket engine is a box that can withstand a very high pressure

The box has a hole in it so that the pressure has somewhere to exit (think of ballon)

To make a rocket with high pressure need to create a continuous large explosion by combustion = rapid oxidation of a material

Fuel and oxidizer = combustion

oxygen only becomes liquid at -300 degrees f

Hydrogen-423

Kerosene 421

Cryogenic is bridging cold stuff together and exploding it together

2 refineries at the launch pad don't wanna have them together before they go into the rocket

Why do you need the tip large rocket to put small objects on the moon

Jan 13th

Mission mode

Only to operate in space no need for aerodynamics can be any shape u want it to be purely to land on the moon called the lunar module LM.

Lunar Orbit rendezvous pros are

Only have to build 1 rocket
Best mass budget
Easy landing

Cons

No Earth abort
Lunar rendezvous
2 independent crafts

LOR has 2 rendezvous

Orbita;l rendezvous is really complicated.

Orbit to Orbit

The energy required does not scale with the distance.

Changing orbits and moving from 1 orbit to another is very complicated what that means is you can not navigate a spacecraft by looking out a window

You need to have a detailed knowledge of the state of your spacecraft and target

3 positions x,y, and z 6 numbers you would have to keep track of

Space rendezvous requires space crafts that are maneuverable and smart.

Project Mercury 1958-1963

The mercury spacecraft could change its orientation where it points but not its orbit. The

The Gemini spacecraft was training astronauts for the Apollo project

Gemini spacecraft was the first spacecraft to carry a computer

first smart spacecraft was able to change orientation and orbits

Apollo Command and Service module both had to have a smart computer

They developed Apollo guidance computer 2.049 Mhz CPU - 2K RAN - 36K ROM

Use to write programs with magnet wholes with a wire running through it

Small mass efficiency will get us to the moon

Jan 17

Spaces, where we can, want, and should land

The total surface area of the moon Size of the continent of Africa

Mare evolution a few on the far side of the moon and the ner=arside of the moon

The upper left hand of the moon is one of the youngest sides of the moon

2 most recent things on the moon are recent creators Copernicus and Tycho

The lunar timeline is defined by a specific impact event

Lunar crater March 17, 2013

Landing on the far side of the moon would mean no communication need 3 satellites on the far side of the moon 50 %percent of the moon will be a mystery for Apollo

2 second delay when we are at the moon between Earth and the moon

Have to land 10 degrees from the lunar equator

Where I load or want to land dictates when I leave earth

Moon takes a month to go around the earth

Apollo launched opportunities in 1969 that provided a 1-3 dat launch window for orbiters b sites.

Mare smooth terrain is easier to land

Is more or less the size of the Pacific Northwest available for us to land

Apollo landing sites are restricted to nearside equatorial central mare at 10 am local time

Landing sites are constrained in both location and time

Wed, Jan 22nd

Apollo mission crews

CDR - Commander = the leader of the mission first one on the surface always a veteran

CMP - Command Module Pilot =the astronaut that stays in lunar orbit Usually a veteran

LMP - Lunar Module Piot= The other astronaut that walks on the moon is usually a rookie

Project Apollo missions test spacecraft by doing an earth orbit and lunar and lunar Landing.

On January 27 1967 3 astronauts put in a rocket spacecraft to test communications between them and Huston who took control after the launch Astronauts inside space crafts were just breathing in pure oxygen and died affiliation 2 years of reconstruction of the spacecraft

Apollo 4 nov 09 19 apollo 5 jan 27 1968 apollo 6 april 4 1968

Willam A .anders LMP Frank F Borman CDR James A. Lovell CMPF

The first humans being of being in the far side of the moon

Snoopy the dog cartoon becomes a string mascot for NASA

Cumulative crater density: only count the number of creators(N) larger than a certain size (D)

N(1) means the total number of creators equal to or larger than 1km per 10,000 square km