2025 9SC Term 1 - Keeping Healthy Slides

Responses and Disease - Keeping Healthy

Year 9 Term 1

Welcome!

Agenda

  • Laboratory Rules

  • Achieving Good Health

  • Types of Diseases (Bacteria & Viruses)

  • Disease Control

  • Circulatory System Anatomy

  • Effects of Exercise on Circulatory System

  • Overview of the Respiratory System

  • Collaboration of Body Systems

Laboratory Safety Rules

General Laboratory Conduct

  1. Entry Protocol: Students must not enter without teacher supervision.

  2. Bag Policy: Leave bags outside in an orderly manner.

  3. Movement: No running in the lab.

  4. Equipment Handling: Do not touch equipment without instructions.

  5. Equipment Use: Use tools only as directed.

Specific Laboratory Conduct

  1. Traffic Flow: Follow a clockwise path in the lab.

  2. Bench Capacity: Maximum of four students per practical bench.

  3. Personal Safety: Stay at your designated workbench.

  4. Dress Code: Wear appropriate safety clothing (hair tied back, ties tucked, goggles, closed shoes).

  5. Eating Restrictions: No food unless permitted by the teacher.

Achieving Good Health

Learning Goals

  • Understand best practices for maintaining health.

  • Recognize advantages of living in Australia regarding health.

  • Effective ways to achieve good health:

    • Balanced diet

    • Hydration

    • Regular exercise

    • Adequate sleep

    • Personal hygiene

Global Health Awareness

Health Metrics

  • Infant Mortality Rates: Different regions show varying statistics for infant deaths per 1000 live births.

Top Causes of Death Worldwide (WHO)

2019 Overview

  • More than 55% of global deaths resulted from top 10 causes:

    1. Ischaemic heart disease

    2. Stroke

    3. Chronic respiratory diseases

    4. Lower respiratory infections

    5. Neonatal conditions

    6. Lung cancers

    7. Alzheimer's disease

    8. Diarrheal diseases

    9. Diabetes mellitus

    10. Kidney diseases

Defining Disease

Concepts

  • Disease: Any condition that impairs bodily function.

  • Epidemic: Rapid increase in disease cases in a specific area.

  • Outbreak: Epidemic limited to one location.

  • Pandemic: Epidemic that spans multiple continents.

Types of Disease

  1. Infectious Diseases: Caused by pathogens (bacteria, viruses, fungi).

  2. Non-Infectious Diseases: Not caused by pathogens.

Infectious Diseases Characteristics

Bacterial Diseases

  • Relatively few bacteria cause disease (known as pathogens).

  • Transmission Period: Disease symptoms may appear 2-7 days post-infection.

Specific Bacterial Diseases

  • Examples of diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria:

    • Whooping cough

    • Tetanus

    • Diphtheria

    • Impetigo

    • Pneumococcal and meningococcal diseases

    • Typhoid fever

  • These diseases are contagious, meaning they can spread from person to person.

Understanding Bacteria

General Characteristics

  • Size: Microscopic (nanometers).

  • Type: Unicellular organisms.

  • Role in Environment: Significant environmental importance despite few pathogenic types.

Modes of Transmission for Infectious Diseases

Infection Pathways

  • Common Infection Routes:

    • Person-to-person contact

    • Inhalation of pathogens

    • Contaminated food and water

    • Contact with infected animals

Disease Examples and Transmission

Impetigo

  • Type: Skin infection caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus.

  • Symptoms: Skin sores and blisters.

  • Transmission: Highly contagious through direct contact.

Pneumonia

  • Type: Lung inflammation, can be bacterial or viral.

  • Symptoms: Coughing, difficulty breathing.

  • Transmission: Spread through respiratory droplets.

Cholera

  • Type: Infection of the small intestine.

  • Symptoms: Severe diarrhea.

  • Transmission: Contaminated food or water.

Tuberculosis (TB)

  • Type: Disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

  • Symptoms: Affects the lungs; can cause severe illness.

  • Transmission: Airborne

Disease Control and Preventive Measures

Key Concepts

  • Antibiotics: Medications used to treat bacterial infections.

  • Immunization: Vaccines stimulate immunity against specific pathogens.

Summary of Immune Responses

  • Immune System: Comprises white blood cells (leukocytes) that protect the body against pathogens.

  • First Line of Defense: Barriers such as skin and mucous membranes that prevent pathogen entry.

  • Second Line of Defense: Involves white blood cells/action against invading pathogens.

  • Third Line of Defense: Specific immune response involving T cells and B cells targeting specific antigens.