AP World History Review Flashcards

AP World History Review: Units 1-2

Unit 1: The Global Tapestry

1.1 Developments in East Asia

  • Imperial Bureaucracy: A vast organization where appointed officials carried out the empire's policies.
  • Meritocracy: A bureaucratic system where officials were chosen based on their ability rather than class.
  • Civil Service Exam: Examinations based on Confucian texts; scoring well could lead to a higher government position.
  • Champa Rice: A fast-ripening and drought-resistant rice strain leading to a population boom and rice availability in new areas.
  • Grand Canal: An inexpensive project boosting trade within China, making it one of the most populous trading areas.
  • Confucianism: A system of ethics, education, and statesmanship emphasizing love for humanity, ancestor worship, reverence for parents, and harmony. It's a belief system, not a religion.
  • Centralized government using Confucianism to centralize power.

1.2 Developments in Dar al-Islam

  • Islam: Muslims believe Allah transmitted his words to Muhammad, recorded in the Quran.
  • House of Wisdom: A major Abbasid-era public academy and intellectual center in Baghdad.
  • Translation of Texts: Greek classics translated into Arabic, preserving the works of Aristotle and others.
  • The Islamic Golden Age: A period of scientific, economic, and cultural flourishing from the 700s to the 1200s.
  • Tolerance of Abrahamic Religions: Many Islamic leaders tolerated Christians, Jews, and other monotheistic believers.

1.3 Developments in South and Southeast Asia

  • Hinduism:
    • Belief in one main force, Brahma, present in all things as the creator.
    • Other gods are manifestations of Brahma.
    • Good behavior and following dharma lead to upward movement in the caste system in the next life.
  • Islam:
    • Muslims believe Allah transmitted his words to Muhammad, recorded in the Quran.
    • Salvation is won through submission by following the Five Pillars of Islam: confession of faith, prayer five times a day, charity to the needy, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca.
  • Buddhism:
    • Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, who rejected wealth to seek the meaning of suffering.
    • Reached enlightenment (Nirvana) after meditating under a tree and became Buddha.
    • Follows the Four Noble Truths: all life is suffering, suffering is caused by desire, no one can be freed of desire, and one is free of desire by following the Eightfold Path.
  • Geographical Distribution:
    • Hinduism: Mostly in India, some in Southeast Asia.
    • Islam: Small numbers in India and Southeast Asia, arrived later in India forcefully.
    • Buddhism: Mostly in India some in SE Asia.

1.4 Developments in the Americas

  • Aztec Empire:
    • Also known as the Mexicas, arrived in Mexico in the mid-1200s.
    • Built their capital, Tenochtitlan (modern-day Mexico City).
    • Through conquest and alliances, they had an empire of 12 million people comprised of self-governing city-states.
    • Used a tribute system and military to obtain human sacrifices.
  • Incan Empire:
    • Located in the Andes Mountains in Peru and controlled much of the South American coastline.
    • Were excellent builders, creating structures like the Temple of the Sun in Cuzco and Machu Picchu.
    • Innovations include the waru waru (agricultural terrace system), the quipu (counting system based on knotted strings), and the Carpa Nan (a 25,000-mile roadway system).
    • Utilized a taxing system called the mit'a system, requiring a certain number of years of work for the state as a tax.

1.5 Developments in Africa

  • West Africa:
    • Hausa Kingdoms: Seven different states with no central authority.
    • Ghana: Sold gold and ivory to Muslim merchants via the trans-Saharan trade network; had a centralized government.
    • Mali: Powerful due to a thriving gold trade; Mansa Musa, from Mali, made a pilgrimage to Mecca, showcasing his wealth.
  • East Africa:
    • Growing states included Zimbabwe and Ethiopia.
    • Zimbabwe: Built wealth on gold and being on the Indian Ocean coast built walls surrounding their capital city of Great Zimbabwe.
    • Ethiopia: A Christian state on the east coast of Africa connected to the Indian Ocean trade; known for great architecture and churches.

1.6 Developments in Europe

  • Feudalism:
    • Decentralized system.
    • The king granted lands to lords.
    • Lords provided lands to knights for protection.
    • Lords also provided land for peasants, who provided crops and livestock.
  • Manorial System:
    • Manors were self-sustaining, producing everything they needed.
    • Serfs were tied to the land, not enslaved; their children were also serfs.
  • Christianity:
    • Faith following Jesus Christ.
    • Great Schism:
      • In 1054, the Christian Church divided into two branches.
      • The Roman Catholic Church dominated most of Europe and was the most powerful entity.
      • The Eastern Orthodox Church was powerful in East Europe, from Greece to Russia.

Unit 2: Networks of Exchange

2.1 The Silk Roads

  • Location:
    • Connected China to Europe and North Africa.
    • Gained importance during the Roman Empire but was revamped by the Mongols during the Pax Mongolica.
    • Land-based routes.
  • Infrastructure:
    • Caravanserai were developed as inns for travelers to rest along the roads.
  • Important Cities:
    • Kashgar: Located on the western edge of China where the north and south roads crossed; provided food, water, and trade goods.
    • Samarkand: Situated between China and the Mediterranean became a center for trade, goods, and culture.
  • Goods Traded:
    • Cotton, spices, silk, metals, and porcelain.
  • Cultural Exchange:
    • Buddhism spread along the Silk Roads by monks and travelers.

2.2 The Mongol Empire and the Modern World

  • Genghis Khan:
    • Born as Temujin; Khan is the Mongolian word for king.
    • Known for his brutality.
    • Ruled over the empire until his death.
  • Expansion:
    • Started in China and quickly spread around most of Eurasia.
    • By the end of his grandsons' lifetimes, the Mongol Empire ruled over all of Asia (except the South) and parts of the Middle East and Eastern Europe.
    • The largest land-based empire in human history.
  • Tactics:
    • Gained land through brutal, spontaneous attacks that wiped out towns.
    • Used siege weapons such as portable towers and catapults.
  • Unification Efforts:
    • Genghis Khan had the Uyghur Alphabet developed, which is still used in Mongolia today.
  • Pax Mongolica:
    • A period of peace along the Silk Roads and around Eurasia.

2.3 Exchange in the Indian Ocean

  • Enabling Factors:
    • Predictable monsoon winds improved marine navigation.
    • This led to the creation of magnetic compasses, astrolabes, and Chinese Junks (ships carrying more cargo than others before it).
  • Cities:
    • Calicut: Port city in southern India where Chinese and Arab merchants met to exchange goods.
    • Spice Islands: Modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia, known for exporting nutmeg, cinnamon, cloves, and cardamom.
    • Malacca: Muslim city-state that became wealthy by imposing fees on ships on the Strait of Malacca.
    • Swahili City States: On the east coast of Africa, traded ivory, gold, enslaved people, and exotic goods such as peacock feathers and rhino horns.
  • Diaspora:
    • Settlements of people away from their homeland where they introduced their cultures and religions.
  • Goods Traded:
    • Luxury goods: porcelain, Southeast Asian spices, cotton, pepper, ivory, and gold.
    • Bulk items: wheat, sugar, and rice.
  • Indian Ocean Slave Trade:
    • Prominent, providing forced labor for seaports and households, mainly from East Africa.
  • Zheng He:
    • Important figure in Indian Ocean trade.

2.4 Trans-Saharan Trade Routes

  • Location:
    • Connected North Africa, the Mediterranean, and the interior of West Africa.
    • Camels were used for travel.
    • Different kinds of camel saddles were developed to accomplish different tasks.
  • Empires:
    • Mali: Most powerful trading empire in 12th-century Africa; had cities like Timbuktu.
    • Timbuktu became a center for Islamic learning, and the books it traded were very valuable.
    • After Mansa Musa's death, Mali began declining, and the Songhai kingdom took its place, becoming larger and richer.
  • Goods Traded:
    • Gold was the main export of Africa, found by panning rivers in West Africa.
    • Other trades included ivory and enslaved people, exported to different areas in the Muslim and Indian Ocean worlds.
  • Spread of Islam:
    • Merchants: Spread Islam through trading in different nations, spreading their culture.
    • Military: Spread Islam through force and conquest.
    • Missionaries: Peacefully sought converts to their religion.

2.5 Cultural Consequences of Connectivity

  • Technological Innovations:
    • Lateen Sail: Triangular sails of ships that made turning easier.
    • Stern Rudder: Device attached at the rear of a ship allowing it to be steered.
    • Magnetic Compass: Navigation instrument used for determining direction.
    • Astrolabe: Instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the position of the stars and planets.
  • Travelers:
    • Marco Polo: Italian native who visited Kublai Khan's court and brought his experiences back to Europe, increasing European interest in Asian goods and cities.
    • Ibn Battuta: Traveled around central Asia, Southeast Asia, South Asia, China, Spain, North Africa, and Mali; wrote a book about his travels from a Muslim perspective.
    • Margery Kempe: Dictated her travels to Jerusalem, Rome, Germany, and Spain to a scribe; her book was the first account of a medieval middle-class woman's life.
  • Religion:
    • Merchants introduced new religions.
    • Syncretic religions formed when new religions blended with existing ones.
    • Muslim merchants spread Islam throughout Afro-Eurasia, and many African countries became Muslim.
    • New syncretic beliefs formed, such as Neo-Confucianism, that fused rational thought with Daoist and Buddhist beliefs.

2.6 Environmental Consequences of Connectivity

  • Crops:
    • Champa Rice: A fast-ripening and drought-resistant strain of rice that led to a population boom and availability in new areas.
    • Bananas: From Indonesia, a nutrition-rich crop that caused a population boom and could be grown easily on Madagascar.
    • Sugar and Citrus Fruits: Came from the Islamic Caliphates and became traded goods.
  • Diseases:
    • Fleas on Rats: Mongols helped carry the bubonic plague along the Silk Roads, impacting Europe and killing one-third of the population.

UNITS 3+4 LAND-BASED EMPIRES AND MARITIME EMPIRES

GUNPOWDER EMPIRES AND LAND-BASED EMPIRES

  • Large multiethnic states
  • Used firearms and cannons to conquer and control
  • Mostly Islamic
  • Ruled by Turks
  • Powerful militaries
  • Russia was another land-based empire with a powerful military, ruled by Ivan the Terrible.

THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE

  • Ruled in Turkey, the longest-ruling gunpowder empire
  • Established when Mehmed II conquered the former Byzantine capital Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul
  • The area was previously Eastern Orthodox but became Islam (Sunni)
  • The strongest leader was Suleiman I
  • Devrshime system for military and government: young boys recruited to serve the empire, became educated to form an elite military group called Janissaries
  • Large military, border conflict with Safavids because they were Shi'a and the Ottomans were Sunni, which was a time of religious-based conflict
  • Taxed non-Muslims and peasants to maintain centralized bureaucracy through tax farmers

THE SAFAVID EMPIRE

  • Based in the Middle East.
  • Grew under Shah Ismail, who declared a Shi'a Muslim state.
  • Shah Abbas expanded the military and used gunpowder.
  • They used Christians from conquered regions in their army, similar to the Ottoman Empire.
  • The fact that they were Shi'a caused problems with all Muslim empires.

THE MUGHAL EMPIRE

  • Replaced Delhi Sultanate with Babur, who used gunpowder military to expand.
  • They expanded further under Akbar, Babur's grandson.
  • He promoted Sikhism and religious tolerance.
  • Mughal became very prosperous. Rulers used the Zamindar system to collect taxes. The Zamindars collected taxes to consolidate power.

MING AND QING DYNASTIES

  • The Ming Dynasty overthrew the Mongol-ruled Yuan Dynasty.
  • Then the Manchu overthrew the Mings and established the Qing.
  • The Mings expanded the size of China and maintained the Great Wall.
  • Important Qing rulers such as Kangxi and Emperor Qianlong had controversial rules over China. The Qing Dynasty, under Qianlong, slowly became corrupt.
  • Mings reemphasized Confucian teachings.
  • Qing was a significant empire because the rulers were Manchu and the people were Han.

RELIGIONS AND POWER

  • Sunni vs. Shi'a conflict: Shi'a and Sunni fought over who was the legitimate successor of Muhammad. Safavids fought with Ottomans and Mughal, who were Sunni. The Safavid-Mughal conflict fought over territory, partially because of the religious difference. New belief systems emerged to bridge the gap between Hindus and Muslims.
  • The Bhakti movement shared Sufism beliefs and Hindu ones. Sikhism blended both as a syncretic religion.
  • In Europe, the Divine Right of Kings believed that monarchs were God's representatives on Earth, which justified their rule.
  • Everywhere, rulers administered their rule through art and architecture, especially in the Incan and Aztec empires. Rulers also used taxes.

THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION

  • As Islam experienced a split between Sunni and Shi'a, Christianity was splitting as well:
    • Martin Luther decided church's practices were unbiblical, posts 95 theses, ideas created Lutheranism, advocates for women's involvement and "sola fide," faith alone.
    • John Calvin, followers called Huguenots in France, created Calvinism. Identified by strong work ethic and plain living. Puritans who wanted to purify the Church of England of Catholic remains were an offshoot of Calvinism
    • Henry VIII wanted to annul his marriage but the Pope wouldn't let him in fear of Charles V, the ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, separated himself, became head of new Church of England - Anglican Church
  • These combined reform efforts were called the Protestant Reformation

COUNTER-REFORMATION

  • The Church created the Council of Trent to monitor corrupt practices. They reaffirmed ancient rules and made sure that people knew the Protestants were wrong and that Luther was crazy. This was a part of the major Christian split.
  • During this time of the early 1600s, the Scientific Revolution was occurring. People began thinking based on reasoning rather than faith.

END UNIT 3

  • Land-based empire: power comes from territory and military, expanding during this time.
    • Ottoman Empire: Important, conquered Constantinople, was Islam, converted strong Christians, Sunni Islam
    • Safavid Empire: Middle East, Shah Ismail, Shah Abbas, Shi'a Muslim
    • Mughal: South+Central Asia, took over Delhi Sultanate, Akbar tolerant of Hindus, Sunni
    • Qing Dynasty/Manchu Empire: Took over after Ming (Han), Manchu different ethnicity. Powerful military expanded using Gunpowder.
  • Conflicts occurred over territories (Mughal-Safavid), Sunni vs Shi'a
  • Legitimized + Consolidated Power = Large Bureaucracies, Military Professionals, Religion/Art/Architecture, Taxes
  • Religion: Change = Christianity and Protestant Reformation, Continuity = Dominance of Catholicism. Islam = Sunni/Shi'a Split. Sikhism = Syncretism, Hindu and Islam.

UNIT 4.1 - MARITIME TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS AND EXPANSION OF TRAVEL AND TRADE

  • While land-based empires were very powerful, various European states were expanding their sea-based travel. Voyagers set out trade and trade routes. (The 3 G's are Gold, Glory, and God).
  • The new Maritime Empires -- England, France, Spain, the Netherlands, and Portugal
  • Innovations include:
    • Magnetic Compass - Originally from China, navigational tool
    • Lateen Sail - Triangular sail allowing ships to catch winds from all sides
    • Caravel - Used Lateen Sail, huge boat

4.2

  • Henry the Navigator:

    • Funded state-Portuguese, sponsored missions, didn't actually go anywhere, rapidly expanded exploration

  • Bartholomew Diaz:

    • Sailed around the southern tip of Africa

  • Vasco de Gama:

    • Sailed further than Diaz to India and claimed it for Portugal, start of Portuguese trade post empire

  • Portugal:

    • Sets up trade in Malacca, Persian Gulf, and India. Gave Portugal a trading post empire - one based on small outposts, restricting control of Indian Ocean trade.

  • Spain:

    • Annexed the Philippines. Manila became a Spanish trade center, causing the spread of Christianity in the Philippines. Galleons - a new style of ship designed to carry silver for trade, silver became China's main currency.

  • France:

    • Jacques Cartier, Northwest Passage, claimed Canada for France, became Quebec. Converted natives and spread Christianity.

  • Britain:

    • John Cabot in America, Northwest Passage. Established Jamestown Colony

  • Netherlands:

    • Henry Hudson, Northwest Passage. Claimed Hudson River Valley and established New Amsterdam. Traded furs.

4.3 - THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

  • Not a trade, but an exchange.
  • Exchange of ideas, diseases, crops, animals, technology, and culture
  • Europe's effects were very positive - gained valuable cash crops and resources
  • Africa's effects seemed positive, but they were not due to the increase in the slave trade
  • America's effects were very bad - lots of death, colonies, and plantations
  • Result of the increase of European exploration and discovery of the New World

UNIT 4.3 - THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE - THINGS EXCHANGED

  • Eastern
    • Crops: Okra, Sugar
    • Animals: Packs, foods
    • Disease: Influenza, Smallpox, Measles
    • Tech: Guns, cows, chicken, pigs
  • Western
    • Animals: Boring animals
    • Disease: Syphilis
    • Tech: Quinine
    • Crops: Maize, potatoes, rubber, tobacco

MERCANTILISM

  • The first wave of colonialism.
  • Mercantilism was an economic system
  • Used colonies for their raw materials and to gain wealth
  • Reason for the first wave of colonialism (the second is Unit 6)
  • Wealth gained in colonies goes back to the mother country
  • Was another motivator for exploration
  • More exports than imports
  • Capitalism rising for the first time with joint-stock companies such as the East India Company

4.4 - COERCIVE LABOR SYSTEMS

  • During the period of the Columbian Exchange while the importance and value of cash crops grew, empires needed cheap labor for their plantations. Including the increase of the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade, many other coercive labor systems developed:

    • Mita System - Spain, taken from the former Incan tribute system where young men were required to work on public projects. Used in silver mines.
    • Indentured Servitude - Person serves for a set number of years and then becomes free.
    • Chattel Slavery - Person is treated inhumanely and seen as property.
    • Encomienda/Hacienda - Landowners could force natives to work for them in exchange for protection.

  • The Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade:

    • In Africa, leaders sometimes raided other cities to take captives to sell to the slave trade. Their trip to the Americas was called the Middle Passage, known for its harshness and low survival rates. This caused a demographic change in Africa, as well as the spread of polygyny. More men were taken than women. African Diaspora also formed in America, where they spread their culture and the syncretic Creole languages were born. This also led to the new levels of the Casta System including Mestizos and Mulattoes.

4.5 - NEW ECONOMIES

  • Mercantilism - More exports than imports, motivation to grow empires

  • Joint-Stock Companies - Limited Liability, Businesses chartered by the state. Investors can only lose the money they invest in. These companies were able to hold trade monopolies over certain regions.

    • Dutch East India Company - VOC, a monopoly on trade in a Indian Ocean, made a lot of profit. Dutch Imperialism was able to occur over the Indian Ocean. This is the same with the British East India Company.

  • Triangular Trade

  • Monopolies - Special rights to trade, often total control of trade in a region

  • CCOT - Change - Rise of Atlantic system of trade, sugarcane + silver, coerced labor. Continuity - Afro-Eurasian trade increases, Asian trade routes, Peasant Labor

  • Belief Systems = Spanish + Portuguese Christianity in South America, Catholic Missionaries spread Christianity among the natives

4.6 - CHALLENGES TO STATE POWER

  • Increased efforts to centralize power in colonies, natives are very unhappy

    • The Fronde - France, Louis XIV practiced absolutism, increased taxation, peasants rebelled but monarchy increased power
    • Ana Nzinga - Ndongo + Matamba, Portuguese power increases, allies with Dutch against them
    • Pueblo Revolt - Americas, suffered from missionaries, coerced labor, rebelled against Spanish colonists and rulers.
    • Maroon Wars - Caribbean and Brazil, free, formerly enslaved, fought against Europe
    • Metacom's War - Native Americans fought against colonists to get them off their land.
    • Cossack Rebellion - Cossacks were peasant fighters in Russia who fought against Catherine the Great.
    • Maratha - A Hindu warrior group, the Maratha fought battles against the Mughal and created their own empire until they ended Mughal rule.

  • Internal Challenges would be physical rebellions and battles. External Challenges would be pushing a country out of another country, or allying with other countries.

4.7 - CHANGING SOCIAL HIERARCHIES

  • Jewish people experienced anti-Semitism in Spain and Portugal. Ottoman Mehmed II allowed Jews into the Ottoman Empire.

  • Qing Dynasty - Established by the Manchu people. They required Han people to conform to their culture. Forced men to wear their hair a certain Manchu way.

  • Mughal Empire - Akbar was very tolerant of other religions.

  • New Political Elites were created-

    • Spanish Casta System - Based on race and heredity
      • Peninsulares
      • Creoles
      • Mestizoes
      • Mulattoes
      • Enslaved People

  • Russian Boyars, the landowning class, protested absolutism. Their power waned. Serfdom was common: peasants belonged to the land.

  • Ottoman Timar System: Aristocratic class grew rich off of taxes.

4.8 CHANGE AND CONTINUITY OVER TIME

  • Travel and trade increases with new innovations, the Columbian Exchange, and the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade.
  • Economies change and develop with the new idea of mercantilism and the establishment of colonies
  • With new colonies, the demand for labor intensifies which gradually creates new social structures

AP Prep Units 5 & 6

UNIT 5

5.1 Enlightenment

  • Enlightenment Ideals: Came from the Scientific Revolution, brought on the questioning of religion
  • Deism and Atheism: Two religions produced by the Enlightenment
  • Main Three Ideals: Individualism, Natural Rights, and the Social Contract
  • Atlantic Revolutions: Brought on by these ideals
  • Natural Rights: Brought on a new wave of suffrage movements
  • Abolition of Slavery: Became a strong movement during the spread of the Enlightenment
  • End of Serfdom: A change from agricultural to industrial economies
  • Top 5 SPICEE:
    1. Enlightenment: Rational and empiricist view of the natural world and human relationships
    2. Nationalism: Commonality among a people by language, culture, etc.
    3. Empiricism: Knowledge is gained through experience, not religion
    4. Abolitionism: Movement to end the Atlantic slave trade and slavery everywhere
    5. Anti-Semitism: Hateful sentiment toward Jewish people

5.2 Nationalism

  • Revolutions: Caused by the spread of nationalism, resentment toward monarchies/imperial powers, and Enlightenment ideals
  • American Revolution: The 13 colonies in the Americas developed independently from Britain. In debt, Britain taxed the colonies leading to a revolution, winning American Independence
  • French Revolution: Inspired by the American Revolution, the people rebelled against Louis 16th and established a republic—Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen used the ideal of Natural Rights
  • Haitian Revolution: Most prosperous colony, enslaved population inspired by the French Revolution and under Toussaint Louverture, the rebellion against the French establishing the first black government
  • Latin American Revolutions: Inspired by Enlightenment ideals—Creoles were upset with their political position and Simon Bolivar helped lead them to independence
  • Propaganda in the Philippines: Filipino students who were educated in Europe were inspired by the Enlightenment and the Spanish government repressed them leading to a revolution
  • Top 5 SPICEE:
    1. Simon Bolivar: A Creole who pushed for Enlightenment in Latin America
    2. Toussaint L’Ouverture: Formerly enslaved and led the rebellion against slavery in Haiti
    3. Declaration of the Rights of Man: French adopted this document, which declared basic human rights
    4. Propaganda Movement: Did not call for independence but still threatened Spanish rule
    5. Declaration of Independence: Demonstrated unalienable rights in the split from Britain

5.3 Industrial Revolution

  • Transition: From manmade to machine-made manufacturing
  • Great Britain: Had access to waterways, coal & iron deposits, and foreign resources (maritime empire)
  • Urbanization: Became widespread as farming became more efficient
  • Atlantic Slave Trade: Provided Britain with capital, allowing them to invest in large businesses
  • Factory Production: Allowed a rapid increase in profit and efficiency
  • Top 5 SPICEE:
    1. Factory System: All of the advancements in efficiency and machinery
    2. Spinning Jenny: Improved the efficiency in weaving
    3. Agricultural Revolution: Advancement in the efficiency of farming resulting in increased productivity
    4. Industrialization: Increased mechanization of production
    5. Specialization of Labor: Workers focus on individual tasks to complete a finished product

5.4 Industrialization Spreads

  • Steam Power: Rapidly increased the speed of industrialization—More efficient than water-based factories

  • Steamships: Helps transport goods faster and farther

  • Eastern and Southern Europe: Lacked coal, were landlocked, and hindered by powerful groups

  • Middle East and Asia: Were declining as powerhouses of manufacturing in competition with Europe

  • India and Egypt: Are overcome by Britain in textiles and colonially controlled

  • Western Europe: France industrialized through technologies but lacked coal and iron—slowed down the process

  • United States: Industrialized fast after the civil war; access to territory, political stability, and steady population growth

  • Russia: Tsar adopted railroad and steam engine technologies— Trans-Siberian Railroad increased trade with China

  • Japan: Asian states declined in comparison to Europe, so they started the Meiji Restoration

  • Top 4 SPICEE:

    1. Trans-Siberian Railroad: Path from Moscow to the Pacific Ocean that opened Russia to trade with East Asia
    2. Human Capital: The workforce of the nation
    3. Company Rule: Period of time when the British East India Company controlled the Indian Subcontinent

    5.5 Technology

  • First Industrial Revolution: Coal; Steam Engine, Locomotives, Steamships, and Coaling Stations

  • Second Industrial Revolution: Oil; Internal Combustion Engine and Automobiles

  • Steel: With the Bessemer Process became a stronger material to use than iron

  • Chemical Engineering: Developed synthetic dyes for textiles and more durable rubber

  • Electricity: Used by Thomas Edison to invent the light bulbs became widespread in use

  • Telegraph: Became the most advanced form of communication

  • Interior Regions: Were allowed to develop thanks to railroads and the telegraph.

  • Trade and Migration: Rapidly increased thanks to new transportation technologies

  • Top 5 SPICEE:

    1. Steam Engine: Inexpensive way to use coal to fuel transportation and manufacturing
    2. Second Industrial Revolution: Included steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics
    3. Transcontinental Railroad: Connected the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans that facilitated US industrial growth
    4. Alexander Graham Bell: The patented creator of the telephone
    5. Coaling Stations: the use of coal as fuel prompted the spread of coaling stations across the world

5.6 Government

  • Ottoman Empire: Was struggling due to conflict and climate—leading to collapse
  • Egypt: Industrialized under Muhammad Ali through the Tanzimat reforms—Industrial projects, agriculture, and tariffs
  • Great Britain: Forced Egypt to undo all reforms which stunted industrial growth
  • Japan: Was almost completely isolated, but the threat of Western domination and new weaponry pushed Japan to industrialize
  • Meiji Restoration: Japan pushed for industrialization in defense of Western powers; adopted Western culture to a certain extent, created a constitution with parliament, and built railroads and banks
  • Top 5 SPICEE:
    1. Meiji Restoration: Japanese leaders overthrew the shogun and started a period of reforms to compete with Western Industrialization
    2. Charter Oath: A document that abolished feudalism in Japan
    3. Commodore Matthew Perry: Led a naval squad to Japan and demanded they trade with the United States
    4. Muhammad Ali: Albanian Ottoman Officer who became the governor of Egypt and input reforms in a European model
    5. Mamluks: formerly enslaved Turks who ruled Egypt for over 600 years

5.7 Economic Developments

  • Mercantilism: Starts to die out as Free Market Economics became popular
  • Adam Smith: Largely criticizes Mercantilism for Laissez-Faire Economics
  • Jeremy Bentham: Believed that government legislation would solve economic problems, not the Free Market
  • Friedrich List: Believed that global free markets were a trick and developed Zollverein, which defeated trade barriers
  • Transnational Corporations: Began to blossom
    • Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation: Controlled by Britain to control investments (opium).
    • Unilever Corporation: That manufactures household goods under Dutch and British
  • Stock Markets: Became popular as businesses needed funds, which led to limited liability
  • Standards of Living: Rose rapidly thanks to industrialization
  • Top 5 SPICEE:
    1. Stock Market: Stock markets became popular as stockholders would start buying shares under companies
    2. Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation: British owned bank in Hong Kong that was used for global banking
    3. Consumerism: As efficiency of production rose, a culture of consumerism arrived as more people were purchasing goods.
    4. Monopoly: Companies starting building monopolies over certain trade goods like Alfred Krupp and the German steel monopoly.
    5. Cecil Rhodes: Investor in a railroad project from Cape Town to Cairo and founder of De Beers Diamonds

5.8 Responses

  • Working Classes: Started to call for reforms. - Political reforms for those not in the upper class—social reforms in governmental platforms. - Social reforms led to social societies for health insurance
    Educational Reforms
  • to be able to achieve higher paid jobs Urban Reform- due to overflowing populations and lack of sanitation.
  • Labor unions- used to be illegal until workers started advocating for better work conditions, wages, and hours.
  • The German Social Democratic Party- promoted Marxist views.
  • **Marx **believed capitalism to be unstable and promoted his ideas in the Communist Manifesto as Scientific Socialism.
  • Bourgeoisie and Proletariat- classes were extremely divided by capitalism as the Proletariats were used by the Bourgeoisie.
  • Qing China snubbed British trade so Britain started trading opium in China causing the Opium WarsChina lost significantly
  • China went through the Self-Strengthening Movement- to revive trade industrially
  • This movement failed as in the Sino-Japanese war brought down industrial Japan.
  • The Ottoman Empire became known as the Sick Man of Europe- due to lack of industrialization
  • This brought on the Tanzimat Reforms which built textile factories, Western style law, Expansive Education systems.
  • The Young Ottomans rose desiring a European style parliament to limit absolute power of the sultans.
    *Top 5 SPICEE:
  1. Labor Unions
  2. Karl Marx
  3. Self-Strengthening Movement
  4. Tanzimat
  5. John Stuart Mill- British philosopher who criticized capitalism due to inhumane use of children and poor work conditions.