Comprehensive Study Notes on World Literature: Prose and Poetry Classification

Learning Competency: Identify the different types of Prose and Poetry.
Learning Targets:
- Define prose and poetry.
- Identify the different types of prose and poetry.
- Distinguish prose from poetry based on their characteristics and structure.
- Classify literary texts according to their type.
Hook Activity: "Through My Lens":
- Observation: Students silently observe an image and write one sentence describing what is happening.
- Perspective Sharing: Students share responses (approx. $3$ minutes).
- Processing Questions ( $5$ minutes):
  - Did everyone see the same thing?
  - Why were your interpretations different?
  - What influenced your answers?
  - How do our experiences, beliefs, and emotions affect the way we interpret situations?
- Conclusion: People view the world through different perspectives.

Meaning and Origin:
- Derived from the Latin word littera, meaning "letter of the alphabet."
- Evolved into litteratura, meaning "writing formed with letters" or "knowledge gained through reading and writing."
- Broad definition: Written or spoken works expressing ideas, emotions, experiences, and imagination in artistic/meaningful ways (poetry, drama, fiction, nonfiction, etc.).
Key Conceptual Definitions:
- Literature as an Art Form: The art of using words for meaning, beauty, and emotional impact.
- Literature as a Reflection of Life: Mirrors human experiences and cultures, helping readers understand themselves and the world.
- Literature as Creative Expression: A means for writers to communicate imagination and beliefs through language.
- Literature as a Record of Human Experience: Preserves history, traditions, customs, and ideals across different times and places.
- Literature as a Tool for Learning: Helps readers gain knowledge and develop critical thinking skills.
Utility of Literature:
- Develops creativity and communication skills.
- Encourages analysis of characters, themes, and literary techniques.
- Acts as a mirror of society and a record of universal truths.
- Promotes empathy and informs members of society.

Poetry:
- Expressions in verse, characterized by measures, rhymes, lines, stanzas, and melodious tones.
- Universal truth in thought/feeling transmitted via imagination into images using patterned language.
Prose:
- A discourse using sentences typically forming paragraphs.
- Written in the pattern of ordinary spoken language and common conversational flow.
- Derived from the Latin word prosa, meaning "straightforward."

Feature	Prose	Poetry
Structure	Made of sentences and paragraphs	Made of lines and stanzas
Content Type	Usually informative and factual	Usually suggestive and factual
Tone	Low-pitched and unemotional	Usually intense and emotional
Focus	Concerns judgments	Concerns intuitions
Flow/Extension	Irregular and expansive	Formal and condensed
Rhythm	Loosely rhythmic	Strict in rhythm or pronounced rhythmic patterns
Pattern Determination	Patterned by sentence and paragraph	Line and stanza determine the pattern

A. Lyric Poetry: Expresses the writer's emotions; originally intended to be sung with a lyre.
1. Song: Short lyric poem with melodious quality intended for singing. Hymns are religious songs.
2. Sonnet: Lyric poem containing $14$ lines and a definite rhyming scheme.
  - Italian Sonnet: Divided into an octave ( $8$ lines) and a sestet ( $6$ lines).
  - English Sonnet: Introduced by T. Wyatt and Surrey; divided into three quatrains and one couplet.
3. Ode: Addressed to persons or things; characterized by lofty feelings, elaborate form, and dignified style.
4. Elegy: A poem about death, expressing lament or grief for the dead.
5. Idyll: (Also called eclogue) A descriptive poem about simple, pleasant rural life, created by Theocritus.
B. Narrative Poetry: Tells a story following an order of events.
1. Ballad: A narrative poem meant to be sung or recited.
2. Epic: The longest narrative poem detailing the adventures or exploits of a hero.
3. Metrical Romance: A long romantic tale in verse dealing with chivalry.
C. Dramatic Poetry: A poetic narration intended for stage presentation.
1. Dramatic Monologue
2. Soliloquy
3. Character Sketch

Rhythm: The occurrence of accented and unaccented syllables.
Rhyme: The repetition of sounds, whether terminal (at the end) or initial.
Imagery: The use of figures of speech and vivid descriptions to create mental pictures.

Definition: Writing about imaginary people and happenings; a series of imagined facts showing truths about human life.
1. Short Story: Features few characters and occurs over a short timeframe. Example: "Gift of the Magi" by O. Henry.
2. Novel: A long story, usually a complete book. Example: "Da Vinci Code" by Dan Brown.
3. Drama: A story written to be acted out on stage. Example: "The Boar" by Anton Chekhov.
4. Tale: A story about imagined or made-up things (e.g., Fairy Tales, Folktales).
5. Myth: An old story handed down to explain what cannot easily be explained. Example: "The Myth of Prometheus Bound" explains how people obtained fire.
6. Legend: A story handed down through years, thought to be based on real historical events.
7. Allegory: A story used to teach or explain an idea or moral rule.
  - Fable: Very short story teaching a lesson, usually featuring personified animals. Example: Aesop's "The Grasshopper and the Ant" (teaches hard work and thrift).
  - Parable: Simple story illustrating a moral or spiritual lesson. Example: "The Parable of the Good Samaritan."
8. Satire: Uses humor, irony, exaggeration, or ridicule to criticize stupidity or vices.
9. Anecdote: A short, entertaining story regarding a real person or incident.

Definition: Informative or factual writing based on facts rather than imagination.
1. Essay: A piece of writing on a particular subject.
2. Literary Criticism: The art/practice of judging the qualities and character of literary works.
3. Epistle: A book of the New Testament in the form of a letter from an apostle.
4. Autobiography: A person's life account written by that person.
5. Biography: A person's life account written by someone else.
6. Diary: A book for keeping a daily record of personal events and experiences.
7. Journal: A diary or daily record.
8. Oration: A formal speech given on a ceremonial occasion.
9. Speech: A formal address delivered to an audience.
10. Sermon: A talk on a religious/moral subject, typically given during a church service.