AP US History Periods Cram Review

Native societies: diverse, complex; contact with Europeans begins; large-scale cohesion among Native groups is limited
European motives: exploration, resource extraction, missionary activity; establishment of settlements evolves over time
English identity: settlers often identify as "British"; national identity rooted in colony and class, not a unified American identity
Early economy/social structure: trade networks; reliance on indigenous labor and gradually increasing use of indentured servitude
Culture: religion and ideology influence settlement patterns; beginnings of a distinct colonial culture in different regions
Geography/environment: Columbian Exchange begins; disease and ecological change affect Native populations
America in the world: European powers compete for land, wealth, and influence in the Atlantic world; Native groups interact with multiple empires

Politics and representation: development of local governance (e.g., New England town meetings) vs. Southern aristocracy; debates over direct vs. virtual representation and taxes
Economy/Work: growth of trade, fishing, timber, shipbuilding; slavery starts to take hold in the South; widespread indentured servitude
Culture and society: religious diversity; continued racialized hierarchy; Great Awakening contributes to social reform currents later
Migration/Settlement: steady colonization and settlement expansion; ongoing displacement and conflicts with Native peoples; frontier pressures
Geography/environment: expansion of plantation agriculture in the South; increasing British control and colonial integration into transatlantic economy
America in the world: mercantilist ties to Britain; growing sense of colonial identity; sustained alliances and conflicts with Native groups and European powers

Revolution and identity: Enlightenment ideas fuel resistance to British rule; war for independence culminates in a new national identity
Government/Constitution: Articles of Confederation (weak); Constitutional Convention; a strong central government under the Constitution; Bill of Rights
Economy/Politics: emergence of political parties (First Party System: Hamilton vs. Jefferson); debates over debt, banks, and federal power
Slavery and rights: tensions over slavery’s expansion; limited political rights for many groups; evolving debates on citizenship
Expansion and policy: Northwest Ordinance; territorial expansion and settlement; war ends with Treaty of Paris ( $1783$ )
America in the world: alliance with France during the Revolution; independence reshapes international status; early caution about entangling alliances

Politics: Democratic-Republican influence; early sectional tensions; Missouri Compromise ( $1820$ ); evolving federal-state balance
Economy/Technology: Market Revolution begins; internal improvements; rise of factories (e.g., Lowell Mills); transportation networks (canals, roads, railroads)
Slavery/ society: expansion of slavery into new territories; cotton economy intensifies; abolitionist sentiment grows; serape of enslaved labor expands
Migration/Settlement: westward expansion (Manifest Destiny); Indian removal policies leading to Trail of Tears; Mexican War (ends $1848$ )
Geography/environment: plantation agriculture dominates the South; growth of Northern urban economies; environmental transformation due to new crops and markets
America in the world: territorial expansion and diplomacy shape U.S. borders; Spanish and British remnants influence regional dynamics; Mexico becomes a key neighbor

Civil War and abolition: root causes include slavery and tensions over states’ rights; Union victory; Emancipation Proclamation; $13^{\text{th}}$ Amendment (ratified $1865$ )
Reconstruction: federal efforts to redefine citizenship and rights ( $14^{\text{th}}$ Amendment, $15^{\text{th}}$ Amendment); eventual withdrawal of federal troops and rise of Jim Crow
Economy/Industry: rapid industrialization; railroads and telegraphs expand markets; factory power and urban growth
West and Native Americans: sustained conflict; Indian Wars; reservations and changing policy toward Indigenous peoples
Immigration and society: waves from Europe; growth of cities; cultural and racial tensions shape national life
Geography/Environment: expansion reshapes demographics and land use; mining and agriculture drive regional development
America in the world: Mexico and other neighbors influence regional power; U.S. asserts continental reach; late 19th-century status as a rising power

Reconstruction ends and Redemption politics rise; Black political gains curtailed in many states; Jim Crow laws expand
Industrialization and society: Gilded Age; rise of monopolies, railroads, steel; labor unrest and reform movements
Immigration and urbanization: massive European and Asian immigration; rapid urban growth and cultural changes; political machines shape cities
Westward expansion: continued settlement, frontier culture, and assimilation policies toward Native peoples
Culture and politics: tensions over rights, culture, and religion; beginnings of modern consumer society and mass culture
Foreign policy: emergence as a world power with events like the Spanish-American War (late period) and territorial expansion

Progressive Era: antitrust actions, reforms in labor, women's suffrage ( $19^{\text{th}}$ Amendment, $1920$ )) and social policy
World War I: U.S. shifts from isolationism to involvement; wartime economy and diplomacy
Interwar era and economy: Roaring Twenties; cultural shifts; stock market crash and the Great Depression; New Deal programs
World War II: wartime mobilization; economic growth; U.S. emerges as a global power
Civil rights and society: continued racial segregation; WWII-era shifts contribute to postwar civil rights momentum; women’s rights movements gain steam
Immigration: large waves from Europe and Asia; quota systems begin (later period designations) and changing demographics

Cold War and foreign policy: containment doctrine; Korea and Vietnam; arms race; shifting alliances
Domestic policy: Civil Rights Movement; Great Society programs; expanding federal government and social welfare
Economy and culture: postwar economic boom; suburbanization; consumer culture; rise of mass media and technology
Environment and regulation: pollution concerns; creation of EPA; environmental legislation; conservation movements
Immigration and demographic shifts: 1965 Immigration Act reshapes immigration patterns; new groups from Latin America and Asia
Technology and society: space race; computers and communications revolution; cultural transformations (music, art, counterculture)

Conservatism and economy: Reagan era; tax cuts, deregulation, reduced social spending; shifting federal role
Globalization and technology: outsourcing, trade liberalization; rise of the information economy; Internet and mobile tech transform life
End of the Cold War and new security concerns: dissolution of the USSR; post-Cold War foreign policy; focus on Middle East and global terrorism
Domestic social movements: continued push for civil rights, gender equality, and LGBTQ rights; debates over immigration policy and border control
Culture and environment: ongoing debates over climate change and energy; cultural shifts in family, media, and education
Immigrant populations: growing U.S. diversity from global migration; policy changes and debates around immigration
21st-century developments (brief note): digital revolution, globalization, and the continuing evolution of American identity in a connected world