AP Lang Understanding Rhetoric: F-N

Figures of Speech: comparisons that highlight the similarities between things that are basically dissimilar

Figurative Language: categorical term for all uses of language that imply an imaginative comparison. Sensory experience

Foreshadowing: purposeful hint placed in a work of literature to suggest what may occur later

Gobbledygook: language that is completely unintelligible (extreme diction or extreme word usage)

Harangue: emotionally based speech meant to spur an audience into action

Hyphaersis: the omission of a letter from a word (usually to condense number of syllables)

Hyperbole: exaggeration is used to achieve emphasis, usually comical effect.

Hypostatization: personification where abstract concepts take living qualities

Idiom: word or phrase that is used habitually. convention use, not denotation

Imagery: mental picture constructed by specific words and associations, also auditory and snesory components

Independent Cluase: a clause that can stand alone in a sentence

Induction: logical process of arriving at conclusions based on experience. Particular to the general

Inference: process of arriving at a conclusion based on a hint, clue, or implication

Irony:intended outcome is substituted with reverse of what is expected

Jargon: special words that apply to particular professions or groups

Juxtaposition: two contrasting things placed next to each other for comparison

Litote: understatement where the opposite is used to achieve emphasis “she’s not bad”

Logical Reasoning: induction/deduction

Logos: use of reason as a controlling principle. persuade readers by appealing to their sense of reason with data, evidence, facts, or patterns of organization

Loose Syntax: A sentence in which the main clause is presented first by a series of dependent clauses. Important info comes first

Malapropism: substitution of a word for a word with a similar sound in which the resulting phrase makes no sense and often creates comical effect

Metaphor: figure of speech in which two unlike things are compared directly for emphasis or dramatic effect

Standard Metaphor: makes a basic connection between like things

Extended Metaphor: extends over several lines, verses, or chapters

Implied Metaphor: A less direct metaphor

Dead Metaphor: that has become so common we no longer notice it as a figure of speech

Metonymy Metaphor: something closely related to a thing is substituted for the thing itself

Mixed Metaphor: a faulty metaphor that switches the terms of comparison before it finishes

Synecdoche Metaphor: A substitution of a part for a whole

Mood: the audience’s attitude or feelings towards a subject

Narration: one of the four primary modes of writing in composition courses, tell what happened

Neologism: newly invented or coined, word, altogether new, an addition to a previous word, or an existing word given new meaning