WEEK 1 lecture

Pages 14- 27


There are numerous minor planes called oblique planes that pass through a structure at an angle. we need to interpret these dimentisla imagines into three dimentual structures to compare and unerstand histlogic and gross anatomic views of the same organ.






LECTURE -

Antatomy - studies the forma and structure of the body

Physiology - examines how the body functions.

Scientific study -


DIVISIONS OF ANATOMY

microsopic anatomy - structure that cannot be observed by unaided eye

divisions:

cytology - strudy of the body cells and interal strucutre

histology - study of the tissue

Gross (microsopic) anatomy (no need for microscope)- investigates strucutre visble to the unaided eye

divisions:

Systemic anatomy - studies the anatomy of each body system ( focusing on one system at a time like the nervous system, the skeletal system, etc)

Regional anaomy - examines the strugure in a body region(looking at the head region

surface - looking at the outer areas of the interal body structures

comparitive - looking at the similarities and differences in different speciies

embryology - looking at the changes of the fetus/embryo


DIVISION: diagnosis or research

Pathological - looks at microscopic anatomic changes from diseases

Radiogrpahic anatomy - looks at interla strutures by scanning procedures



PHYSIOLOGY: details of function

Anatomy : study of structure


Sub dicisplines -

cardiovasvular - functions of the heart, blood vesels, and blood

Neurophysiology - looks at function of nervs and nervous system organs

respiratory- function of respiratory

reproductive - functiong of reproductive hromones and reproductive cycle

Patholophsiology - focuses on the function of body system during dieases or injury to the system.


STUDY TOOL -

  1. anatomy is the study of the body structure and physiology is the study of the structures function

  2. well u see

  3. Cardiovascular phsiololgy examines the heart blood vessels and blood function

Anatomy and phsiology are integrated understand infromation from one to the other.



characteristics common to living things -

properties common to all organims:

organizaiton : all organizimes echibit a structure and order

Mentabolism: the sum of all chemical reactions that occur withing the boyd so like … anabolism: small molcules to form large ones

And catabolism large molcules broken down into small ones

Growth and development: organims assimilate materials from envbiromentL growth and develop

Responsibess: ability to sense and react to stimuli

regulationL ability to adjust internal odily function

homoestatsis is a sub division of regulation; the ability to maintain body structure and fucntion

reproduction - production of new cells for growth maintence


view from simplest to most complex =

chemical level: atoms, molecules, macromolcules

biologica macromolcules are proteins, carb, lipids, nucleic acids to form organelles

Cellcular level: cells, basic unit of life

tissue level: tissues, simlar cells perfroming commong function

Rogan level: orgtans multiple tissues working together

organ system level: related organs working together

Oranims level: organ systems function together to form the organism.


atoms - molcueles - macro - organel - cell - tissue - organ - organ system

11 organ systems of the human body -

integrumatry, skeletal, mucular, nervous, and endocrine


know each what system is and know what its purpose

but know also cardio, lympathic, repsitory, urinary, digestive, and reproductive

—

organ systems -

integumentary system - SKIN - provieds protection, prevents water loss and gain, syntehzies viamin d, releases secretion, regulatoes body temjpy, and houses sensory receptors.

Skeletal - bones - provide suport and protection, sies hematopoiesis (blodd cell production), stores calcium and phosphorus, provies sites for ligament and muscle attachment

Musclular systerm - body movemtns, and generates heart when muscle contracts

Nervous system - regulatory system repsonds to sesnroy stimuli, controls muscles and glands, repsonsible for consciousness, intelligence memory


endocrine - glands, cell clusters that secrete hormones for reulation of groth and mentaolism and development, maintin blood composition and volume, controls digestive processes and regulate repodutive functions

cardiovasuclar. system - consist of the heart and blood vessles that move blood through vessels to distrubute nutrients, hormones, gasses, and pick up waste

lymphatic system - transports and filters lympth ( intersttial fluid that collected in and trampoter through lymp vessels) participate in an immune reponses

resporaotyr - echange of gasses ( o2 and co2) between blood and hte air in the lungs

circulation - bv- heart- bv


urinary - filters blood to remove waste products, concentrates waste

digestive - mechanimall and chemically digest food, absorbs nutrients, expells waste

Reproductive - gonands (testes or overies) produce sex cells ( sperm or oocytes) and sex horomnes (andogen, estrogen, progesterone).

Anatomic position - uprught, feet parallel , flat, upper limbs at the sides, palms facting anteriorly (front) head is levele eyes forward. falms facing towards the front



Slices of the body is calledsections or planes -

section is a cute or slice that exposes interal anatomy

SECTION - Internal atomogy

Plane is the iamgery flat surface passing through body ; three types

coronal plane (front) - dividing the body between anterior (front) and posterior (back)

Transverse (cross sectional) plane - horizontal plane divising the superior (top) and inferior (bottom)

Midsagittal (medium) plane - vertical plan diving the body into the right halve or left halve. (equal!!!)

Sagittal plane: paralle to midsagital - unequal

oblique plane - passes through strucutre at an angle





anterior is the FRONT surface

Posterior is the BACK surface


ventral is the Front inside

dorsal is the back inside


Superior is closer to the head (top)

inferior is the closer to the feet (bottom)


Carnial (towards the head end)

Caudal (towards the rear end)


rostral - towards the nose or mouth


medial - towards center of body

Lateral - away from center of body


proximal - is going up the body from feet to head

distal - going down the body from head to feet



regional anatomy - human body is partioned into two main regions -

axial - head, nefck, andtrunk vertical acis

and appendicular regioni s the upper and lower limbs