Gene Expression, Cell Cycle Regulation & Cell Signaling

Central Dogma of Molecular Biology

• Gene expression and Protein synthesis

• Linear sequence of nucleotides of DNA is transferred to a linear sequence of amino acids of the protein

• Two major steps:

    -  Transcription (nucleus)

        - DNA —> mRNA

            - mRNA must be processed before it can be transported out of the nucleus for

    -  Translation (cytoplasm)

        - mRNA —> protein

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Nucleotide components

Nitrogenous bases

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Nucleic Acid Comparison

• Major difference between DNA and RNA

  • Different forms of sugar

    • The sugar in DNA is 2’-deoxyribose

    • The sugar in RNA is 2’-hydroxvribose

  • Nitrogenous bases

    • DNA contains Thymine

    • RNA contains Uracil

  • Strand number

    • DNA is double stranded

    • RNA is single stranded

Gene Expression Overview

• Receptor activation

• Transcription factor activation

• Nuclear localization

• Chromatin decompaction

• TRANSCRIPTION

  • Coupled initiation and 5’ capping

  • Coupled transcription and mRNA pro