APUSH - Unit 1

Unit 1

Spanish Settlements in the New World

Columbian exchange

Sharing of plants, animals, diseases, human populations, technology, and ideas between the Western and Eastern Hemisphere as a direct result of Columbus’ arrival to the Americas in 1492
Exchange of seeds, animals, resources, diseases, slaves(only from euro to amer), tobacco
Massive population shift, amer less, euro more

Triangular Trade

Trade between africa, europe, and americas
Slaves, manufactured goods, raw goods

New World

americas

Old World

Europe, asia, africa

Ecomienda system

System fo forced labor which NAs worked on spanish owned estates
Spanish lords forcing NA labor for them
Justified by converting NA to christianity (fair exchange for making people work for sugar and tobacco and other resources so we are giving fair exchange by giving you Jesus and Catholicism)
Spanish people mate with NA, children with both spain and NA blood

Mercantilism

Economic system, company in europe, hire ppl go new world, find something of value, bring it back to sell, need people who live in new amer and workers, all just to make money for euro

NAs

Great lake area, hunting and gathering
Middle of america, nomadic, following bison
Around coasts, lots of fishing
North, hunting seal, narwhal, etc
After colum exchange, NA population severely decrease bc of disease mainly smallpox(25m->1m)
NA tried to fight back against spain but outgunned
Pueblo revolt/Pope in new mexico region resist spanish rule for 9 yrs until spain military defeat them
Cultural assimilation w/ NA and spain, hegemony, forced blend of culture, language, religion (mexico)

England

Jamestown Virginia

Concept of a joint-stock company (VA company)(who sent first settlers)
- Companies like today like Microsoft, not capitalism yet but mercantilism (capitalism 1.0)
- Make money by exploiting the new world
- Two people pool money together to send people on a voyage to new world and fund their trip, ppl bring back stuff and original ppl who pool money get return on investment
Jamestown 1607
- People in debt with nothing to lose, mostly men, desperate, lower-class, criminals, etc.
- A lot of them are indenture servants, don't have a lot of money, so work for joint stock company, work for certain number of years, then get land in new world
- Primogentiture - if ur a rich guy in england, your oldest son inherits all your property, other siblings get nothing so they need something new, dad pays for other siblings to go to other world to get new land
- Built on a swamp, but death rate of 75%, mosquito malaria yellow fever cholera, diseases killed most
- Good at first but VA company took good letter and propaganda to get more people to go to amer to get more money for joint-stock company, but not as good as people say
- Powhatan main enemy and threat of jamestown - wars between Powhatan and european settlements
  - Possible SAQ compare contrast Eng and Spain new settlements
- John Smith
  - Hired to whip everybody in shape in Jamestown, “he who does not work does not eat”
  - Everybody happy to grow tobacco but grew too much tobacco and not enough food
  - Birthrate low bc not many women in Jamestown
  - Higher crime rates in Jamestown
- John Rolfe
  - Allows tobacco to grow north, created hybrid to grow more tobacco in diff areas
- Tobacco
  - USA built on tobacco bc climate supported growth
- Headright system
  - Class conflict - indentured servants, VAcompany was concerned with death rate, not enough crops coming back/profit, indentured servants first to die
  - Every time you bring a new indentured servant over to VA, the company allows you to get 50 more acres of land, expand plantations
  - Allows rich families to get even richer, no incentive to keep indentured servants alive, just bring a new one, exploited servants, that’s why death rate was so high
- 1619 first slaves arrive
  - Black slaves - most not rich, some land owners
- 1619 First General Assembly of VA meets. What can we learn about this?
  - Anglican, protestant church, now protestantism in north america,
  - All they want is NAs dead bc of competition,
  - House of Burgesses (kind of like a Parliament), if you're wealthy and have land, you have a seat and a say in decisions
  - Protect people’s rights as englishmen, people want to remain englishmen, bc more rights than anyone in the new world
- 1624 VA company charter revoked becomes a royal colony
  - British gov comes over and just takes over to save from jamestown failing
  - Royal leader in the settlement, help death rate
- MD,the Carolinas, GA follow suit with growing tobacco, slaves, cash crop colony
- Compare northern colonies to southern colonies
  - Massachusetts
- Puritans
  - Mayflower, people at “thanksgiving”
  - Responsible for settling first american settlement
North Coast Massachusetts
- 1620
- Family units, cooperate, religious mission, not economic
- Environment doesn't all for many cash crop production, no fighting, bad soil
- Slavery does not develop in Massachusetts because no need for farming unlike south with a lot of tobacco
- Puritans
  - Purify british church
  - Seperate
  - Protestant reformation
- Calvinists / The Elect
- Great Migration Puritans vs Separatists
  - Calvin/Puritan vs. Anglican War in england
  - Separatists are puritans, believed christianity start anew in new world
- William Bradford
- Mayflower compact
  - Promise members of their society will form laws together and will rule the society by the laws (early form of democracy)
  - Analyze to the extent of religious freedom 1607-1765
  - To vote, you have to be in Calvinism / the elect
    - White middle class guys usually
  - Egalitarian - more people have more opportunities
  - People get to choose their leader, minister, not theocracy
  - Can take out minister if they dont like, also control pay of minister
- John Winthrop
  - First minister of mayflower, best articulate mission of puritan in new world, create a city on a hill, sermon on the mouth jesus in matthew bible, jesus describes believers show their belief, WInthrop takes on this example, massachusetts christian utopia
- Massachusetts Boston
  - Lots of events here because Calvinists already hate England so they wanna separate, so many historical events, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, etc.
- Congregationalism
  - All the people in the church seats get to choose
  - Egalitarian more than House of Burgesses
- Jamestown vs New England
  - New England
    - Family units, working together, religious mission, super cooperative
    - Small plot family farms to drive economy, that land and crops sustain family
    - Big big families, many children born in a family to work farm
    - Fishing, lumber, and trade
  - James
    - Each on their own, more death, nobody working together
    - Econ - tobacco, cash crop back to england
  - Both
    - Have some type of democracy (house of burgesses and the elect)
    - mercantilism
NA Conflicts
- Pequot War
  - New England
  - Anglicans ambushing Pequot village,
  - Burned it down
- King Phillip’s War
  - New England colony threatened it
  - Almost cost Britain their colonies
  - Persecuted becomes persecutors
    - Puritans in New World
    - Fear - Antinomianism - people that reject the puritan structure - top down - people who don't need minister or elderly people to tell me about my religion
    - Patriarchal Society
    - Quakers - became enemy of Puritans - settled pennsylvania
      - Did not believe top down structure
      - Shunned for offshoot christian beliefs
      - Inland is cheaper land so that why pennsylvania
      - Accepted everybody, even NAs, rejected slavery, traded with NAs, good relationship, all equal
      - Passivist, dont believe in war when war starts
    - Roger Williams
      - Also rejected Puritan structure/Antinomianism
      - Got kicked out by puritans
      - Rhode Island, colony of rejects
      - Called The Sewer, accept all religions, religious freedom
    - Anne Hutchinson
      - Great example of patriarchal
      - Antinomianism
      - believedGod revealed himself to her, had bible study in her own house
      - Biggest crime being a woman, that god spoke to her, and that she could teach others
      - Kicked out, ends up going to Rhode Island to set up another colony more religious freedom but then died from NA
    - Blue laws
      - Man and woman are not allowed to kiss in public
      - Or walk holding hands in public

No PDA

- - - - Over decades, 1692, salem witch trial
      - British people hanging witches in New World, nobody in Europe do it anymore, out of nowhere just start
Fundamentalist - believes specific wording of a book, per se, bible,
East Coast New World
- After new england turns into what it is, but over time people start coming to new world for econ reasons instead of religious reasons, og puritans upset at people coming for econ and not jesus.
  - Puritans nervous bc seats are becoming more empty, the elect smaller,
  - Half way covenant, allow people into churches that don't have full calvinist, to convince people to convert, becoming more secular, did not sit well with puritans, late 1600s early 1700s, enlightenment
    - Ben frankie rage for enlightenment, electricity,
    - John locke , rossoue, new polt ideas
    - HUGEE massiveeeee enlightenment
    - Most importantly SECULAR
  - People start coming over for econ and enlightenment
  - The great awakening 1730s, stab person next to you, blood,
    - Old anglican preachers are old lights, academic, read from bible, tell you what to think, book-ish in the preaching
    - New lights were intently personal, accept jesus or burn forever, emotional preaching, intense,
    - People magnet to new lights because very emotional, personal,
- ***need to remember the regions of the east cost new world, aug 25 on canvas is you need the picture*****
- Middle colonies (new york, pennsylvania, delaware) pennsylvania, quakers, farms, grains, trade.
  - New york, some growing farms, manhattan massive trade center and massive diversity, NAs Whites Blacks Jews etc,
- Chesapeake bay colonies (virginia, maryland) all just tobacco, maryland was og given to lord baltimore for loyalty for service to king but baltimore was catholic and given for a haven for catholics, religious act of toleration passed in maryland, fear that if local gov of maryland didnt pass the gov, all the anglican protestants in virginia would move to maryland and caths didn't want that, both catholic and protestant can practice in maryland
- Southern colonies (north south carolina, georgia) cash crop production, buffer zone for the rest of british colonies and spanish florida, possible clash because most brit colonies protestant while spain florida catholic
  - Georgia safe haven for people in debt and struggling,
Great Awakening1730s brings Romanticism, movement that says you cant explain human movement,, electricity shown by science, we have spiritual side of us, backlash against Enlightenment, gonna hit hard in colonies
- Affects ALL of the 13 colonies, people shift towards churches that meet their emotional and psychological needs
- George Whitefield - church outgoers, become popular bc british, high energy, handsome, very popular, rockstar with religion and preaching
- Jonathan Edwards - dry, calculated, goes to colonies, articulated calvinism and concept of godś grace and acceptance and said it in a way that felt personal
New American colleges established, Harvard first college built on American Soul, motto is veritas (truth), founded to protect calvinist stuff, product of Great Awakening, start to see many colleges arise
New American identity develops based on this religious experience, people gravitate toward emotional religion, more churches, start competing
African Americans begin to embrace Christianity wholesale in the colonies, because people who enslave black americans convert them christian

Slave Trade

Triangular Slave trade

Chattel slavery, using human beings as property, as pack animals, white people who own fields in Virginia or Carolinas don't do the labor, they import people to do them. Don’t take NA bc dying of diseases and fight back more. Africans more immune to diseases
Europeans fighting for control in Africa, slaves to the new world. Other Africans forcefully bring others to white people in order to get resources or weapons
Middle passage, hardest part to survive, put in a boat and bring across an ocean and dumped in cuba
Black diaspora, scattering of people,
Racialization of slavery
Legal in all 13 colonies
Barbados Slave code 1661
- Since they are not protected under English laws, so people can do anything
- Not seen as citizens
- Slaves cannot speak out
- Not christian, not protected by laws of England, thus they can be treated as any other property
- If slave owners somehow kill their slave, no liability

Wars

Starts as 7 year war in Euro spizzles into new world
Powhatan Wars 1610-1614
Pequot War 1636
King Philip’s War 1675-1678
French and Indian War 1754-1763
NAs caught in the middle of war, some side with colonies, some with new france
Ohio river valley, fight for fur,
Albany Congress 1754, Join or die,against french and Indian threat, right on eve of war, british gov did not support albany congress because no need for new world stand on their own, so albany congress doesn't work out
Scalping, pull scalp literally off skull, pull hair
Paid NA bounties, scalps of five englishmen we will give you five gold,
This war untied the colonies in a way they weren't untied before
Red coats Low class people from England come to support militia farmers and shopkeepers with guns without much training, England looks down at the new world, the new world is like why are you looking down on us and it united red coats and colonies.
Ones that sided with Britain are let down
NAs sided with french losing side, NAs that side with britain still dont have love for NA and dont give them anything
George Washington, retreat in good order, reputation he built for himself, losing a lot in early days, dont wanna retreat but you have to, name of continental congress because experience, fought in Fr In War
England wins and british supporters, but debt hang heavy on britain, taxes imposed by the english government for the purpose of raising revenue, mercantilism colonies provide england raw materials england turns into manufactured goods, england sells to euro but also colonists, closed loop colonies can’t make the products
- Navigation acts - laws in the brits books that ensure the loop describe above stays that way
- Some people smuggle, take highest bid instead of brit, John Hancock filthy rich but broke navigation acts, brit
- Salutary neglect - we know you're smuggling but atlantic ocean large and catching smuggling rough, we dont hunt ppl down,
  - England in debt over a million pounds a year, they try catching smugglers
Taxes imposed by the government for the purpose of raising revenue
- Americans used to paying taxes, but wanted local taxes, local legislatures, don’t want taxes from parliament because they don't have say in parliament, but Britain needs to pay debt, started imposing taxes from London,
Proclamation of 1763
- Dust from war settles, ends french and indian war, kickfrances out of america, colonies head west, NA subdued, french threat gone, want to move into ohio
- British comes up with proclamation drawn along Appalachian mountains saying colonists can’t go past Appalachian mountains, because don’t trust colonists, also if they go west they might stir up NAs again, to keep peace
Pontiac’s rebellion 1763-64
- NA revolt, Pontiac leader, NA who align with britain, british policy regarding was not promised to me, had to be put down by troops, used as propaganda to not go out of appalachia,
The Paxton Boys in PA
- Anti NA riot breaks out, NA gets blamed, because british say can’t go west, create common enemy, starts slaughtering NAs
- Middle class wealthier people took out frustration on NAs
- Ben frankie negotiated but none ever put in jail
When British puts foot down on salutary neglect, respond with Writs of Assistance and Admiralty Courts
- British navy to search a boat for any reason whatsoever, profiling, very general warrants, search ships just because
- If caught, instead of jury of peers like britain, instead novelty officer who decides your judgement, more likely to get found guilty, violating acts as englishmen
- Affect rich people engaged in trade
Govt supposed to protect life, liberty, and property and in return citizens follow the law. When you don't follow the law, govt allowed to deprive you of three. The only way to deprive yourself is to PROVE that you broke the law. Due Process
1763: Geroge Grenville becomes Prime Minister
- Power has shifted towards parliament
1764: New Taxes
- In debt because of the war, fine with being taxed within the colonies but not taxed from england, okay with taxing that benefits them, not consenting to the taxing
- Sugar Act - Caribbean sugar and tobacco, not colony land, increases price for sugar in the colonies, tax on goods that increase price of goods
- Quartering Act - quartering means to take troops and station them somewhere, British government expects colonies share cost of quartering troops, build barracks for troops stationed, pay taxes to build place for soldiers to stay, colonists upset because doesn't benefit them
1765: important catalyst year
- Stamp act - clear tax by england just to raise money, any legal or important document, tax on the wax stamp, colonists upset, law passed in parliament without colonist consent
- Sons of Liberty - two elements, whether sons of liberty leaders (sam addams), sons of liberty in every major city, not loud about being leaders, involved in raising money and organizing groups. Labourers are in the streets doing the biddings and the rowdy up the people, violence in the streets
  - Tarring and Feathering, taxputters strip naked, boiling tar, then feather
  - Violence, property damage, assault
  - Wealthy most affected because they're the ones importing and exporting
- Stamp act congress - meeting of wealthy influential people in the colonies to petition England to get rid of taxes and organize boycott against british goods, not pay for stuff, british losing money because colonies cash cow,
- Thuggery in streets doing nasty stuff but also legal protests,
- Because of this, England pulls back the taxes, protest work
- Colonists learn that with a little resistance makes british pull back
- Colonists see themselves as more important than England does
No Taxation without Representation
1766: Things Heat up
- Declaratory Act - statement by parliament that says anything they colonists is binding on us, right to pass things and colonists obey
- Virtual vs actual Representation - colonists want politician from one of the colonies to go to parliament, but British say virtual representation, but people in parliament have people all over from british isles, also not every county represented, but since they elect many people, they speak for british subject no matter where they are
- Townsend Act - proof that parliament that they can do whatever they want, taxes on various types of goods, bunch of taxes to prove that declaratory act is valid, americans protest again, no taxation without representation, as a result of violating the townsend acts, NY legislature not valid/dispelled, said by parliament, people not happy, John Dickinson writes letters from a farmer in PA in which he argues that taxes without our contest are illegitimate and Britain's tyranny is oppressive and we need to resist it, but dickinson is not a farmer, he's a wealthy lawyer, populism, appeal to the common man
1770: Other Important stuff
- Because of actions of sons of liberty, british have to send more and more soldiers to colonies from overseas, sons of liberties in all colonies,
- Boston Massacre
  - Some kid starts getting angry at a british guard, guard pushes kid, more kids come and then angry men with snowballs filled with rocks and pellets, more soldiers, one soldier shot into crowd, crowd dispersed, went to court, nobody would defend british troops expect for john addams
  - Martial law, send troops over, violation of british colonist citizen rights
  - British pulls troops out of Boston for a little to let everything simmer
- Paul revere made an etching of the bloody massacre, depiction gets circulated to all the colonies, while PA or SC weren't there but you heard about what happened, then Paul Revere print gets circulated
  - Not fully accurate though because shows multiple shots into the crowd, a main soldier directing other soldiers, many people killed, but not what happened
  - Made to paint british in a bad picture, rile colonists up, create hatred for british and create rebellion
  - Also paul revere member of sons of liberty
- Gaspee Incident - ship off coast of rhode island, british tax collection ship, sons of liberty sneak onboard and burn it to destroy it, at this point, in every colony, start forming things called committees of correspondence, groups that circulated images like paul reveres for every colony for the purpose of rising the people up against Britain, organizing and sharing information and fomenting rebellion
Loyalists (Tories) vs Patriots (Whigs)
- Most influential people need to be in the small group wanting to lead a revolution, they need to drag everyone else to their side.
  - John Hancock, Sam Addams, Paul revere
- Loyalists, want to stay loyal to england, reliant, if you grow tobacco in south for example, you want to keep your customer of england because you invested lots of money to make cash crops, also more south more anglican, some don’t even like the taxes and don’t like what britain is doing but want britain to listen but still want to stay british, more conservative or reactionary.
  - Loyalists are called Tories, conservatives that exist in parliament, want power in one man, people in the colonies who want to stay loyal to england are also sometimes called tories
  - Also people upset with the actions of the Sons of Liberty so forced into conservative
- Patriots, want to break from england, backwoods farmer, not that much land, england trying to limit where you can expand, boston and trade more money if they let you trade with everyone, more liberal and radical
  - Whigs in parliament, more power to people and legislative branch in parliament, in colonies want own say and no taxation
1773: The Tea Fiasco
- Tea Act - comes because of britain brings in tea tax in order to save their joint stock company, british east india company, use to stroll around in places like india, trying to compete with dutch because dutch are winning, british have to make up fact that we are losing money bc of colonists, we listened and pulled troops and taxes but now you need to buy our tea because we dompete with dutch and we need to win, colonist buy british tea and only tax by a fraction, practically 2 cents, colonists already establish they wont buy with taxes, england parks its east india companies boats in boston harbor and blocking everyone else from using it until colonists buy the tea,
- Boston Tea Party - Sons of Liberty, dress like NAs, sneak onto boats, throw tea to free up boat space for other boats
  - England is done because they have been done being nice, people in parliament are done, england bang the hammer
- Intolerable acts (coercive acts british POV)

The Massachusetts legislature is shut down, royal authority take over
The boston port act, you cannot use this port which is most important port in all the colonies until you buy our tea
The administration of justice act - we no longer trust you as americans therefore any british official that you arrest in the colonies they will have their trial in Britain, violation of laws because supposed to have trial of peers
Harsher quartering act - direct violation of British constitution, now since you not listen you have to take in troops no matter what no choice,
- Quebec act - extend territory of quebec into colonies, just there to piss colonists off, don't have to remember
- Firsti continental Congress
  - Meeting of major influential people, illegal meeting bc not sanctioned by british, dangerous, NOT talking about separation, discuss rights as birthsmen, rights respected, all these british acts are wrong and want them lifted

1775: Ow that hurts!
- Lexington and Concord
  - First shots are fired, word hit british commander in boston, Gates, there is a store of gunpowder in a store in recognition and potentially, all influential people are meeting, and if you send troops you can get both gunpowder and people
  - Paul revere - the British are coming!
  - They were american militia have already been called, shopkeepers and farmers, then British troops show up, minute men, they are militia just get your gun and show up, square off, colonists get butts kicked and british fire into them, militia scattered, retreat across bridge in concord but only can get onto bridge if they go together, commander just says whatever leave them be, when troops march back to boston, word goes around and people say british are attacking us, colonists start shooting at british on way to boston from trees, from behind, NA style, take more shots on way back than actually at Lexington, when word hits, continental congress puts so much pressure on them, influential want to stay brits but just want rights, but when you start shooting at actual government troops, crossed line, now commitment being back and pressure on them to respond to shooting.
1775 (cont.): Bunker Hill (June)
- Theres slope overlooking boston with port, british navy controlling ports and boston martial law, militia after driving troops out of lexington, they build fort on top of hill to shoot down, send 700 British regulars to push American militia off the hill, kill many but run out of ammo, eventually driven off hill from sheer aggression of british.
Second Continental Congress
- Get messages of british army becoming weak which unusually because usually strong, discuss that some want strike iron while hot while british is weak, start drafting declaration of independence,
  - An example of enlightenment ideas at work, DOI, life liberty property, justification for rebellion, English means if denied, you should overthrow which is was what americans are doing
  - But also has a second purpose, kind of like a message to the world that they are available and they need help, anyone beefing with england, this is opportunity to get back at them through us, because many many enemies,
- While this is going on, king does not make laws but signs off, king hires hessians (german mercenaries), they are hired guns, to support british regulars in colonies hire Hessians to protect british colonists and kill american colonists, thats how you know divorce btwn eng and amer is done.
- Americans Start putting together continental army, recruit militia in countryside, don't have uniforms, wealthy cats pool resources together to finance, second cont cong choose george washington to lead, but really just a plantation owner but he had experience
  - On the exam, “Common Sense” short pamphlet by Thomas Paine, enlightenment guy, atheist, in colonies, writes pamphlet for what americans are fighting for which is “common sense”, in this, he justifies american rebellion via social contract and enlightenment ideas, influential because of the language its written in, plain language, easy to understand, to the point, populism, need common people to understand why Americans are separated, people are now gravitating towards radical,
1776: do i even need to say it boi
War Preparations
- American +
  - England is farrrrr away and supply lines are 3000 miles long, 6 weeks to send anything over the ocean,
  - Leadership is good, talented people leading
- British +
- American -
  - Dont have common currency, dont have military, dont have navy, complete underdog, americans dont make anything so whatever they need they get from Britain, don't have any financial structure either, need to fight british,
  - Also divided between loyalists and patriots, not all colonists are against england, also england offers freedom to any slaves that fight for england
  - Also dont have any other country support
- British –
  - Americans dont have to defeat england, just need army to stay alive long enough for people in England to give up, make them chase us, washington does good, learned from french and indian war,
Major battles 1775-1783
- Flintlock muskets, european style shoulder to shoulder fighting because evolution of military is important, round bullet made out of lead, not accurate because can curve, so they lines up and shoot because if they didn’t do that, you wouldn't hit anybody, tactics fit the weaponry, required discipline to fight in this format
- 1775 may Ticonderoga
  - Battle in ney work, amer get control of british cannons and able to drag cannon to hill overlooking boston in winter and spring
- 1775 dec Quebec Invasion fails
  - Amer attempt to invade quebec canada, impression that if amer beef w eng maybe canada too, hoping to grab some army, but canadian do not rally with them, rally fails
- 1776 mar Dorchester Heights
  - Cannons from ny to dorchester overlooking boston, back to bunker hill, forces british to evacuate boston, small victory for amer colony army,
    - also evacuated loyalists out of colonies as well, after war loyalists part of treaty of paris to promise loyalists fairly after war but didn’t happen, either to canada or back to england
- 1776 Battle of Long Island
  - Send amer to invade long island, retreat because cant handle british army tactic, out of new jersey
- 1776 christmas to 1777 jan delaware crossing and trenton victory, victory as Princeton
  - Out guys cross river go into winter camp, washington talks to his people and says listen we will do something daring bc people on other side of river are Hessians, he knows that if they attack on christmas that its very likely that german hessians will be drunk and partying, washington and army prepare to attack and use boats they stole to cross icy river, horses and cannons across river hoping hessians dont notice
  - Hessians so drunk that they don't wake up until attack, leader comes out in underwear to surrender
  - In parties at this time, ben frankie is sleeping with women in french courts trying to gain access to monarch and is finally able to gain access to french court and be like will you help americans this is in your interest, if you send army and navy this is good you can get revenge, french will support only if they can do european style fighting style
- 1777 oct Saratoga
  - Small battle but american victory in open style euro combat, only possible because of Baron Von Steuben, Prussian aristocrat who gets introduced into process while washington is winter camp in valley forge, excellent military mind but in prussian his reputation was gay so was a sealing to where he could go so he comes to colonies to opportunity to make something of himself, obscure gay officer at valley forge teach out guys how to teach euro combat, very discipline, very good leader, because of the training, we win at saratoga, battle that convinces french to support americans
- 1778-1780 - british victories in the south (nc&SC) camden 1780
  - Things dont look great, british winning in south, britain chasing around nathenial green is south washington in north, british chasing us around, even though we lose, we are still going hard,
- 1780 oct King’s Mountain
  - In south, battle was fought almost entirely by americans against each other, loyalists vs patriots, england hired officer/groups and one was very annoying, loyalists get surrounded by patriots and get killed every single one,
- 1781 oct Yorktown
  - War does not end but effectively ends, yorktown is on james peninsula, close to jamestown, amer able to pin guy names cornwallis major general for british, he had been operating down in south but his movement had been screened by amer and nathaniel and washington try to trap, but cornwallis overconfident, get trapped by combined amer and french troops, trapping from all sides, forces him to surrender and give up almost all of south to amer, massive blow to british support, start to enter negotiations to stop war, but last major fight
- 1783 treaty of Paris ends the war
  - End “amer revolution”, huge for us, nobody expect us to survive this war, at this point even though treaty signed, all of europe is circling like vultures to sign because they think we will collapse, guys that go to negotiate, John addams ben frankie etc, told by cont cong not to make any deals without french, but guys are like we think french are gonna fail us bc they also expect us to lose, british are like okay we will give you a deal before french even
  - We get all land on coast to Mississippi river and great lakes, more than double the size
  - We get recognition from England that we are a nation, from one of the most powerful nations in Europe, get fishing rights, treat loyalists fairly, then french has no choice but to see us as a nation, smart decision
  - Had started writing articles of confederation before the war happened
- Articles of Confederation, ratified 1781
  - Context, with treaty of paris we owe england all the debt they had before the revolution, amer doesn’t have any money and also owe money to other countries that helped in revolution, military is weak and he have a lot of guys that fought and have combat experience but have not been paid, very big deal
  - From 1783 until our current constitution is ratified in 1789, articles of confederation was the constitution, but it was so bad we almost fell apart, we were afraid of a central strong government
  - Revolutionary government, trying to change as much as can
  - Since gov cant levy taxes, no money to pay people, specifically people who fought in military
  - Also, gov cant regulate trade, or military, each state had own militia
  - Over representation in government, very hard to change articles
  - Things we did right:
  - It did grid every square mile of US territory into townships, each grid has to have the following: public land put aside for a church, and public school
  - Northwest ordinance, on the Ohio river divides territories with and without slavery, to the north no slavery to the south yes slavery.
  - Once you’ve gridded, to find out new states, articles says once states move west, 60,000 people must move into new land, and while this is happening but in Massachusetts is already outlawing slavery
- The Newburgh Conspiracy of 1783
  - Plot by officers from Amer Rev once rev is over to force congress to pay them and create a stronger gov situation or they would take over because of frustration of lack of power.
  - Soldiers form to take over, george washington invited to meeting, give him list of demands, and then he says something to shame the soldiers
  - But economic is very very bad, fields have been neglected, past soldiers can’t sell anything, can't pay mortgage
- Shay’s Rebellion 1786-87
  - Solderis rebell against with this dude bc havent been paid and are about to lose their land, they are armed, court system will not support them too, they take guns through massachusetts state building, they burn banks with mortgage information, a riot, but put down by force bc massachusetts have to ask other soldiers, federal gov cant do anything
  - People look at this rebellion, other states are worried this will happen in their state, so they need something stronger government wise, ppl in gov say we need better constitution
- Constitutional convention 1787-89
  - Federalists vs Anti-federalists
    - Not polt parties, these are people who interpret the constitution, factions both want something different out of constitution
    - Both groups of people want a stronger const but fed want more power to fed gov while anti want strong const but we still want most of power to be with the states and individual rights
    - Federalists want law and order
      - Want central government to have broad power
      - John addams, george washington, alexander hamilton
    - Anti dont want repeat of britain, states more important than gov
      - Strong but restricted central gov
      - Thomas jefferson, james madison(at first), patrick henry, thomas paine
    - Founding fathers split
  - The Federalist papers
    - Written in order to encourage people to vote in their state for this new constitution
    - Called bc what we wanna do in the states is called Federalism - people vote for leaders who they feel will make better decisions than the average person, exec(president, civilian, military), legis(house+senate)(power to impeach)(most democratic), jud(supreme court, did not used to(ask), job is to interpret what laws written mean) gov
      - Needs to have power to protect your rights, need to be able to enforce
      - Electoral college is there to prevent the masses from making stupid decisions
      - Ideas from enlightenment
    - Republic - virtuous republicanism, meaning you vote for people to make decisions for you, so you have to trust that these people will put country first, person second,
    - Diff between federalists and antifederalists is freedom vs safety, need a balance between the two
  - The Great Compromise
    - The anti-federalists wanted a bill of rights protecting free speech, freedom to protest, etc or they wouldn’t sign the constitution. Federalists were like we will add it as one of ten amendments if you ratify the constitution. Trust
    - The size of a state, population wise, determines how many people end up in the house of representatives,
    - But everybody gets two senators
  - The 3/5 Compromise
    - Southern wanted slaves to count as population because they could have more power and more say, the northerners don't agree, argued southerners dont see slave as people and claim its just like counting your cows or pigs as population, for the purpose of representation in congress, enslaved black americans will count as 3/5 of an american/person
  - Electoral College
  - Anti-democratic features of gov
    - Non-direct election of us senators
    - electoral college for presidential voe
    - Ratification 9/13 states
    - White propertied elite can vote only
    - No women or POC
  - Fugitive salve cause
    - If a slave escapes, they should be treated as property that should be returned to its original duty and location
    - w
  - Elasticity
    - W
Anti-Fed vs. Fed
- Anti feds become democratic republicans
  - Thomas Jefferson, James Madison
  - Interpret constitution, narrow interpretation, strict interpretation, their view because they've always been concerned about too much power in gov, this new constitution should be interpreted as closely as possible word for word, a very restrictive document, no action can be taken unless the constitution says you can.

Feds become feds (federalists)

- - John Addams, Alexander Hamilton, George Washington
  - Interpret constitution, broad interpretation, far reaching power for fed gov, look at constitution as unless it says specifically that you can't do something, you can feel free to do it, permissible document
George Washington (F-Federalist)
- Foreign policies
  - No other country has this type of figure like a president, Washington went out of his way to make sure he did things as president that would gain respect from other countries
  - Call president mr president, no dictator names
  - A man accustomed to commanding, get everyone's opinion, then judges situation,
  - Alexander Hamilton, influence on economic system,
    - Immediately interpret constitution broadly, const does not say anything about financial system so they will make bank system in america, hamilton is like we need a bank, we need to create system to make money to be stable, taxes, tax on whiskey
    - Biggest element of his financial program, he will push for something called assumption of state debt, meaning at the end of revolution and articles of confederation, individual states owed money to other countries, instead of the states owing debts, all debts are on federal government, promise those foreign nations that united states will pay off debts instead of individual states,
      - United the country, and having us looked at as a stable good trading partner, controversial bc some states already had paid off debts so upset
    - Make deal with ppl who disagree, virginia gets capitol, hamilton gets funds, city of washington,
  - England and france, france at war with all of europe, lots of heat on us, do amer alliance with france or england, anti fed want france, fed want british, washington ultimately decides neutral proclamation of 1793, not ready to engage in war with either, dont have money military or navy so we stay neutral.
- Domestic Policies
  - Constitution says nothing about a cabinet, people that he trusts, to help him advise, does not forbid him from doing that, so he will
John Addams (F) 1791-1801
- Horrible presidency, amazing example before him made him insecure, heavily criticized for pretentiousness, wealthy landed families tried to hobnob with royalty overseas and addams did this
- Xyz affair
  - temp “leave us alone” from john jays treaty, but french now confiscating everything we’re tryna send to british, go over to france to talk to complain but they say you have to pay to see big guy, insult to amer
  - Congress, referred t people asking for the bribe as xyz, john addams angry but did not act on impulse and sent a second treaty,
  - Federalists against france, republicans pro france
- Verbal attacks dangerous, 1798, alien sedition acts, illegal to speak up about government or issues going on politically, horrible, amer love the idea of freedom of speech and don't like it when it gone, set sedition acs to expire 1801 in hopes to not get used against in new election against federalists
- Father of american navy, creates department of navy, first us president to add secretary to cabinet,
- Only one term, lost to thomas jefferson, addams leaves washington dc in the middle of the night, bc he felt unappreciated,
- Gave an executive order to allow american ships to fire back and british ships
- foreign
  - Sdf
- Domestic
  - Midnight judges
    - Situation in which addams right before leaving office appointed a bunch of federalists to judge positions throughout the federal government, rammed them in there without being vetted by congress, trying to keep federalist influence alive, jefferson party would take over and he knew, one of the judges named Marbury is denied his post after Jefferson comes into office and sues government to get it results in very important court case in amer history, marburry v madison of 1802
Thomas Jefferson (R) 1801-1809
- Power shifts from one party to the other, shifts from federalists to the republicans, first republican president, federalists don’t have president again, domestically important,
- Said: walks to unfinished capital inauguration “we are all federalists, we are all republicans” means we are americans before republicans and federalists
- Jeffersonian democracy, appealed to the common man instead of the elites, small independent farmer is ideal country because nobody to sway their vote, *while at same time he’s doing this, he also lives in a ginormous mansion in virginia* but a lot of money is made by selling his enslaved people, common man more like common white middle class man
- States rights right
- Very chill and casual rule
- 1802 news says jefferson child with slave, what jefferson does it that he doesn't respond, say what you wanna say about me, didn't talk about anything about anything he didn't wanna
- Louisiana purchase, 1803, we buy all of the west land on usa from france, french lost haiti to slave rebellion, we arent gonna be able to handle the west of america, lets sell to usa,
  - Controversial because violates principles as repub, buy it using the bank that Hamilton made, bank that he opposed, very ironic because he believes in small gov, strict const, but he does this bc he thinks its good for america, and he's planning on selling the new land to men and farmers to go and use it
  - Beginning of West-warding expansion from 1800-1860
- Louis and Clark expedition, explored all the territory that we bought to get an idea of what's out there,
- Re-elected, sensitive man, hates criticism,
- Domestic
  - Kentucky and virginia resolutions, response to alienation acts by addams, jefferson and madison write a protest against the acts (jeff VA, mad KY), response is that if fed gov passes a law that is clearly unconstitutional, that it is the job of the states to resist that law and throw it out
- Marbury v Madison: most important court case in us history (1803)
  - When jefferson is in and madison is attorney general, they dont follow through on judge positions (john addams), and jefferson comes in and refuses to recognize these people, one of those judges names marbury sued the government bc was promised the job by the president and therefore i want my judge position,
  - The case that establishes judicial review, supreme court has the power anything govt or president does is unconstitutional, didn't have this power before but now they do
    - Guy in federal supreme court who is justice, john marshall, (important), head of supreme, federalist, not supposed to be in polt parties but already, marshall and supreme court argued that the case should be thrown out because they did not have constitutional right to hear this case, marbury loses but in so doing that, marshall takes on right to determine what's unconstitutional, this is judicial review
    - Takes rights away from the states, and instead its the supreme court that determines
- Foreign
  - Escalating war between napoleon and england, jefferson said it possible to only deal with interior america, problem was that merchant were trading with both fr and eng,
  - Embargo act 1807, stopping trade with any foreign powers in an effort to stay neutral with war going on overseas,
    - Most od feds live in new england, when they cant trade what they make their living on, and it destroys their economy, they see this as a political attack by destroying federalists,
    - Nullify - states are sovereign and right to resist law that sucks
  - Barbary pirates, sent navy out to deal with them. North africa, when ships come into europe get pulled over and stolen stuff from by barbary pirates. They succeed, as result, navy given sword by locals,
    - Ironic bc doesnt fit jefferson says he believes in and his actions, const said you have to declare war but he didn’t,