DLD references

REEL – receptive expressive emergent language test – 20 min parent interview (Brown, Bzoch & League, 2020) 0-3

CELF – preschool – clinical evaluation of language fundamentals – 3-6;11 (Semel, Wiig & Secord, 2024)

Reynell language scale – 3-7;6

CELF 5 – (Semel, Wiig, Secord, 2017) – following directions, sentence comprehension, understanding spoken paragraphs, linguistic concepts, sentence assembly

MAIN – multilingualism assessment instrument for narratives – 92 languages (Gagarina & Bohnacker, 2019)

·       30-46% of children with DLD have a primary family member with language or learning difficulties (Bishop et al.,  1996)

·       6x more likely to have reading disabilities and significant spelling problems (Young et al., 2002)

·       6x more likely to have clinical levels of anxiety, 3x more likely to have clinical depression (Conti Ramsden & Botting, 2008)

·       Access to the curriculum. Assessment must take into account the children’s life in school and the ability to access and learn from the curriculum. (RCSLT, 2005)

·       dAx provides insights into the child’s language learning abilities overall (Stow & Pert)

·       12% vs 36% feeling at risk of bullying (Knox & Conti-Ramsden, 2010)

·       Lower self esteem = a need for a comforting & welcoming learning environment

·       Preschool = withdrawal, adolescence = anxiety & mental health issues (Maggio et al., 2014)

·       Struggle with storytelling & narratives (Zhang et al.,  2024)

·       Hasson & Dodd study – ‘George’ with language differences – not responding to intervention, implemented dAx and within 1 year he rose 12% percentiles