1790-1812, DE USH

What was it?
- A comprehensive strategy to stabilize the young nation's finances and promote economic growth.
- Three main parts:
  - Assumption of State Debts: Federal government assumes debts incurred by states during the Revolutionary War to unify the nation financially.
  - Creation of the National Bank: Establish the Bank of the United States to manage debts, issue a stable national currency, and promote commerce.
  - Excise Taxes and Tariffs: Raise revenue through taxes (e.g., whiskey tax) and tariffs on imported goods to protect domestic industries.
What did it aim to achieve?
- Build national credit to attract foreign investment.
- Strengthen federal authority over economic policy.
- Encourage industrial and infrastructural development.

What were the parties?
- Federalists:
  - Key leaders: Alexander Hamilton, John Adams.
  - Beliefs: Strong central government, support for industry and trade, close ties with Britain.
- Democratic-Republicans:
  - Key leaders: Thomas Jefferson, James Madison.
  - Beliefs: Limited central government, agrarian focus, close ties with France.
Why did they emerge?
- Disagreements over Hamilton’s financial plan, foreign policy, and the extent of federal power.
- Federalists favored a loose interpretation of the Constitution; Democratic-Republicans preferred a strict interpretation.

Purpose:
- Avoid entangling the U.S. in European wars, especially the conflict between Britain and France after the French Revolution.
- Protect U.S. trade interests and maintain stability in the young republic.
Impact:
- Set a precedent for American foreign policy of non-involvement in European conflicts.

Hamilton:
- Advocated for a strong central government to manage national affairs and promote economic growth.
- Supported a loose interpretation of the Constitution, allowing for implied powers like creating a national bank.
- Emphasized industry, trade, and urban development.
Jefferson:
- Favored states’ rights and a small federal government to protect individual freedoms.
- Advocated a strict interpretation of the Constitution to limit federal power.
- Focused on an agrarian society with independent farmers as the backbone of the economy.
Major disagreements:
- National Bank: Hamilton saw it as essential; Jefferson viewed it as unconstitutional.
- Foreign Policy: Hamilton supported Britain; Jefferson sided with France.
- Economic Focus: Hamilton emphasized commerce and industry; Jefferson valued agriculture.

What was it?
- Farmers in western Pennsylvania protested against the excise tax on whiskey, which they viewed as unfairly targeting rural economies.
Why did it happen?
- Whiskey was a key commodity for farmers, used both for trade and as a currency substitute.
Outcome and significance:
- President Washington mobilized federal troops to suppress the rebellion, showing the federal government’s ability to enforce laws.
- Strengthened the authority of the federal government but also highlighted rural discontent with centralized policies.

Who passed them?
- Enacted by the Federalist-controlled Congress under John Adams.
What were they?
- Alien Acts:
  - Increased residency requirements for citizenship from 5 to 14 years.
  - Allowed the president to deport non-citizens deemed dangerous.
- Sedition Act:
  - Criminalized criticism of the federal government, targeting Democratic-Republican opposition.
Impact:
- Viewed as an abuse of federal power and violation of free speech.
- Led to backlash against the Federalist Party.

Who wrote them?
- Virginia Resolution: James Madison.
- Kentucky Resolution: Thomas Jefferson.
What were they?
- Arguments that states had the right to nullify federal laws deemed unconstitutional.
- Direct response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.
Legacy:
- Early articulation of states’ rights and the principle of nullification.

What was it?
- Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.
Why did it happen?
- William Marbury sued Secretary of State James Madison for refusing to deliver his judicial appointment (one of John Adams’ "midnight judges").
Outcome:
- Chief Justice John Marshall ruled that the Supreme Court had the authority to declare laws unconstitutional.
- Strengthened the judicial branch.

What was it?
- U.S. purchased Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, doubling the nation’s size.
Why did it happen?
- France, under Napoleon, needed funds for European wars.
- Jefferson sought to secure control of the Mississippi River and expand U.S. territory.
Expedition:
- Led to the Lewis and Clark Expedition, which mapped the territory and explored its resources.

Embargo Act (1807):
- Prohibited all U.S. exports to pressure Britain and France to respect American neutrality.
- Backfired, devastating the U.S. economy.
Non-Intercourse Act (1809):
- Replaced the Embargo Act, allowing trade with all nations except Britain and France.
Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810):
- Reopened trade with Britain and France, promising to halt trade with one if the other respected U.S. neutrality.

Causes:
- British impressment of American sailors.
- Interference with American trade.
- British support for Native American resistance.
Key events:
- Burning of Washington D.C. (1814).
- Battle of New Orleans (1815): Major U.S. victory led by Andrew Jackson.
Outcome:
- Treaty of Ghent (1814) ended the war without territorial changes.
- Fostered American nationalism and weakened Native American resistance.

Republican Virtue:
- Emphasis on morality, education, and civic responsibility to sustain a democratic republic.
American System:
- Proposed by Henry Clay.
- Aimed at uniting the country economically through:
  - Protective tariffs to promote industry.
  - A national bank to stabilize the economy.
  - Infrastructure improvements like roads and canals.