Public Speaking

Linear model: source → message → channel → receiver; feedback is minimal or separate. Also known as the hypodermic needle model.
Limitations: not sufficient to explain miscommunication or channel effects; assumes a straight line from sender to receiver.
Public-speaking context similarity: channel (visuals, verbal/nonverbal cues) can alter interpretation.

Two-way interaction: encoder sends a message, receiver decodes and responds; feedback exists but is still interpreted through shared fields of experience.
Encoding/decoding matter: words chosen by the sender may be interpreted differently by the recipient.
Based on field of experience: our background shapes how we encode and decode messages; miscommunication arises when experiences diverge.
Example-driven: accents, regional language, and formal/informal word choices affect judgments by others.

Communication is simultaneous and coconstructed by all participants.
Meaning is created through interaction; what matters is how others understand the message, not just what was meant.
Includes noise and context; emphasizes that feedback and interpretation happen in real time.

Channel = method of communication (face-to-face, email, texting, billboard, etc.).
Channel changes the nature of the message (online tone vs. in person; public speaking with visuals vs. text).
Context (physical, social, cultural) shapes interpretation and appropriateness of responses.

Signs: direct relationship to what they refer to (footprints = something was there; crying = upset).
Symbols: arbitrary; meanings are assigned by users and can vary across cultures and contexts (names, gestures, words).

Encoding/decoding is shaped by personal and cultural experiences.
Shared experience reduces miscommunication; different backgrounds can lead to misinterpretation.
Example: word choices and conventions (e.g., y'all) depending on audience and setting.

Language reflects reality and shapes reality: words express beliefs and influence perceptions.
Loaded language: strong positive/negative connotations that frame debates (god terms vs devil terms).
Examples:
- Climate terms: "global warming" vs "climate change";
- Political labels: "pro-life" vs "anti-life"; "freshman" vs "first-year student"; "Congressman/Congresswoman" vs "Congressperson".
Language evolves with culture; names and labels influence attitudes and policy.

Avoid heterosexist and gender-biased terms (firefighter vs fireman; congressperson).
Be mindful of terms that demean or stereotype (enslaved vs slave; terms with racist/homophobic connotations).
Context matters: adapt language to audience to reduce harm and improve clarity.
Mental health and awareness: inclusive language can affect LGBT+ individuals; include supportive terms and resources (e.g., 988 for crisis support).

Facts vs statistics: facts are verifiable; statistics are predictive or inferential and should be explained.
Use statistics sparingly; avoid overwhelming audiences and ensure ethical use.
Expert testimony: assess expertise, potential bias, and recency.
Media credibility: consider source bias and reliability; use diverse, credible sources.

Narratives are engaging and emotionally persuasive; can function as attention getters, bookends, and evidence.
Stories help audience relate and remember; aim for relevance and credibility (ethos).
Tenets: use narrative to connect personally to the topic (why you care).

Narrative: story-based evidence; engaging and memorable; can illustrate points and motivate.
Facts and statistics: verifiable data; explain and contextualize; use sparingly.
Comparison: explain new ideas via analogy; simplify complex concepts; aid decision-making.
Description: vivid sensory detail to illuminate ideas; avoid vague wording; use strong verbs.
Memorization strategies: mnemonics, repetition, and memory aids (e.g., CPR/ABCs as a memory cue).
Definition: denotative (dictionary) vs connotative (emotional/associative) definitions; clarify audience understanding.
Expert testimony: rely on qualified sources; assess objectivity and timeliness.
Examples: concrete instances to illustrate points (illustrative anecdotes, demonstrations).

Visual aids: large enough, simple, not overcrowded; keep backgrounds light; avoid distracting visuals; cite sources on slides.
Do not pass aids around during the talk; use them strategically.
Outlines: two outlines required – content outline (complete sentences) and speaking outline (brief prompts).
Do not read verbatim; practice transitions and endings; prepare a strong opening and a memorable closing.

Cite sources when evidence is used; do not rely on a single reference.
Ensure readability and transparency in the bibliography; adapt to audience and assignment needs.

Use a single, clear thesis; ensure main points support and do not contradict.
Prepare for delivery: practice transitions, recover from mistakes, and maintain confidence.
The instructor emphasizes aligning thesis, main points, and supporting material with the assignment goals.