Absolutism and Religious Conflict Notes

Age of Absolutism (1648-1815)

France

  • Louis XIV

    • Built the Palace of Versailles.

    • Minister Jean Baptiste Colbert centralized France's economy through mercantilism.

    • Sought commercial empire, establishing the French East India Company.

    • Revoked the Edict of Nantes, expelling Huguenots.

England

  • King James VI (King James I of England)

    • Protestant, but Puritans distrusted him.

    • Commissioned the King James Bible.

  • Charles I (1625)

    • Protestant but had issues with Parliament.

    • Believed in the Divine Right of Kings.

  • English Revolution (1642-1651)

    • Oliver Cromwell led a military dictatorship after Charles I was executed.

    • Cromwell found Parliament difficult to manage.

    • Religiously tolerant except towards Catholics.

    • After Cromwell's death, power reverted to Charles II.

  • Charles II

    • Faced similar issues balancing power with Parliament.

    • Favored a constitutional monarchy.

    • Attempted to convert England back to Catholicism, leading to the Glorious Revolution.

  • Glorious Revolution

    • James II was overthrown.

    • William and Mary took the throne.

      • Bill of Rights (1689)

      • Act of Toleration (1689)

      • Act of Union of England and Scotland = Great Britain (1707)

    • Established a fully constitutional monarchy.

Netherlands

  • Also known as the Dutch. * Controlled the spice trade. * Amsterdam was the economic capital. * Bank of Amsterdam.

    • Dutch East India Company: a joint-stock company.

      • Very religiously tolerant.

    • Baroque style of art.

Population Expansion and Economic Changes

  • Across Europe in the late 16th and early 17th centuries.

    • Price Revolution: price increases led to the rise of social classes.

  • Increase in guilds (merchants).

  • Later marriages.

Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

  • Copernicus: Heliocentric theory.

  • Galileo: Telescope, laws of motion.

  • Newton: Laws of motion, gravity.

  • Bacon: Scientific method, inductive reasoning.

  • Kepler: Elliptical orbits.

  • Harvey: Circulation of blood from the heart.

  • Descartes: Deductive reasoning.

  • Empiricism: Knowledge through observation and experience.
    * Fueled by the discovery of the New World.

  • Printing press and Humanism.
    * Rationalism: Reason and logic, math.

Reformation and Counter-Reformation

  • Johann Tetzel: Indulgence seller.

  • Zwingli: Swiss reformer.

  • Radical Reformation

    • Anabaptism: Rejected infant baptism.

    • Antitrinitarians: Denied the Trinity.

  • John Calvin

    • French (Huguenots).

      • Believed in Predestination.

  • Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation

    • Index of Prohibited Books.

      • Papal Inquisition: Putting heretics to death.

    • Council of Trent (1545-1563): To review doctrines and dogmas to create reconciliation and re-establish the church's authority.

      • Addressed limiting simony (selling of church offices).

      • Emphasis on both faith and works.

      • Jesuits: Roman Catholics aimed to share Catholicism.

English Reformation

  • Henry VIII: Catholic English monarch who sought a divorce, leading to the creation of the Church of England.

  • Edward VI: Protestant ruler.

  • Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary): Burned Protestants.

Spanish and Portuguese Empires

  • Prince Henry: Explored Africa.

    • Bartholomew: Cape of Good Hope.

    • Vasco de Gama: Coast of India, leading to the Dutch spice trade and East India Company.

  • 1492: Columbus.

  • Magellan: Circumnavigated the globe.

  • Cortes: Spanish conquest of Mexico/Aztecs (early 1500s).

  • Columbian Exchange:

    • From Europe: Diseases, sugar, goats.

    • From Americas: Tobacco.

    • Led to mercantilism: regulating trade, more exports than imports.

Development of Nation States

  • Monarchical states.

    • Growing bureaucratization.

    • Growing taxes.

    • Growing armies.

  • Italy remained divided, making it a target for France and Spain (as Machiavelli described in The Prince).

  • England: War of the Roses (late 15th century).

    • Civil wars between Yorks and Lancasters.

    • Henry Tudor (Henry VII), who led a small bureaucracy and broke from the Catholic Church.

Period 1: 1450-1648

Art Theme: Realism

  • 1453: Fall of Constantinople; a cause of the Renaissance.

  • Renaissance:

    • Rebirth of old literature, texts.

    • Revival of Greek texts.

  • Italian city-states were the center of Europe's economic, political, and cultural life.

    • Very economic Vibrant

Humanism

  • Importance of the individual and their potential.

  • Petrarch: Father of humanism.

    • Civic humanism: Involvement in politics through classical education.

    • Christian humanism: Self-fulfillment through Christian principles.

  • Key figures:

    • Da Vinci: Mona Lisa.

    • Raphael: School of Athens.

    • Michelangelo: Sistine Chapel.

  • Northern Renaissance

    • Erasmus and Thomas More: Opposed and criticized the church.

    • Had more illiterate peasants; More naturalistic, centering ordinary objects and people.

  • Important People

    • Shakespear

    • Durer: craftsman

Printing Press

  • Gutenburg

  • Increased literacy.

  • Translated Bibles.

  • Gut info fast

Protestant Reformation

  • Religious, political, and intellectual upheaval splitting Western Europe from the Catholic Church.

  • Due to humanism questioning practices.

  • With people able to read the bible themselves now

  • Martin Luther

    • Diet of Worms (1521): Assembly of the Holy Roman Empire to discuss Luther's response to charges of heresy.

      • Luther Formed a new church.

    • Addressed the selling of indulgences by Tetzel, writing the 95 Theses (1517) at Wittenberg to Pope Leo X.

    • Luther burned aganist the church; reforms were necessary, attacked the teachings of the Church, faith alone not good acts.

    • Reducing the seven sacraments to two (Baptism and Communion).

    • Faith alone not good acts.

    • He demanded recant & to be burn as a heretic & he got excommunicated. (1521)

  • German Peasants' Revolt (1525): Peasants revolted, although Luther did not support the social movement.

Enlightenment Philosophers

  • Locke: Women should have the same rights as men.

  • Rousseau: Women should be treated differently.

  • Thomas Hobbes: Leviathan; Necessity for absolutism.

  • John Locke: Social contract, life, liberty, and property.

  • Immanuel Kant

  • Voltaire: Critickzed the church and was a deist.

  • Montesquieu: Branches of government.

  • Rousseau: Social contract, people are naturally something with rights

  • Adam Smith: Wealth of Nations.

  • Mary Wollstonecraft: Women should have rights.

  • Urban growth in 1700s.

Enlightened Monarchs

Late 1600s-1700s

  • Peter the Great: Russian Tsar who wanted to westernize Russia.

    • Major military victories against the Ottoman Empire and Sweden.

    • Creation of St. Petersburg (cultural, scientific capital).

  • Catherine the Great: Russian ruler who expanded Russia's borders.

  • Frederick the Great: Prussia, vastly expanded Prussian territories.

    • Patronage of arts and enlightenment.

  • Habsburg: Austrian ruling dynasty.

Impact of Enlightenment

  • Rise of democracy and individualism.

  • Paved the way for the Scientific Revolution.

  • Challenged traditional religious and political authority.

  • Development of modern capitalism.

  • Laissez-faire economics (Adam Smith): the government shouldn't interfere the economy.

    • If individuals have a good economical gain the society's will also improve.

    • Wealth of nations: capitalism: private individuals own + control most of the factors of production

Impact of Scientific Revolution

  • Public venues: Salons!

  • New tech and advancement in medicine.

  • Rise in Deism: God created the Universe, that is it

Religious Conflicts

  • Peace of Augsburg (1555): Originally, only recognized Catholicism and Lutheranism.

  • Spain (Phillip II)

    • Catholic.

    • Targeted Dutch, became they were Protestant

    • William of Orange

    • Declared themselves independent from Spain in 1581.

  • Spanish Armada:

    • Henry of Guise joined to help Spainish took the French throne But was not catholic enough for him

      • got assianced leading the throne to henry the IIII or harree; converting back to catholic

      • Edict of Nantes granted Huguenots freedom to worship but france is a catholic.

Thirty Years' War

  • Peace of Augsburg 1555 - only catholic or Lurtharn

  • Four phases, transitioning from religious to political conflict

  • Bohemian Phase: Attempt to re-establish Catholicism in the Holy Roman Empire (Catholics won).

  • Danish Phase: Denmark, protestant causes he was in (cathlole will)

  • Swedish Phase: King Adolphus of Sweden helped Protestants to victory.

  • French Phase: France entered the war on the Protestant side because they hated the Habsburg empire!
    War beyond holy roman empire w/england

  • Ended with the Peace of Westphalia (1648)
    Marked the end of the war
    Peace of Augsburg had to include Calvinism
    Manked the end of universal christedom
    Weaken holy Roman empire

England Religious Conflicts

  • Henry VII

  • Queen Elizabeth (Virgin Queen): Protestant and grew up humanist.
    Executed Mary Queen of Scots because she was Catholic and a threat to the throne.
    Greatest acomp. Ensuring england would be prostant.

  • Ferdinand and Isabella
    Columbus 1492; Grandson Charles V (Holy Roman empire)
    Reconquista: Removal of Muslim influence.
    Spanish Inquisition: Removal of non-Catholics
    Spanish armada.

Religious Wars of Religion

French Protestants (Huguenots) wanted a voice!
Start: Amassacre of vassy catholic huegos at worship but guise ordered them to lied.
St Bartholomew's Day Massacre
Chernry of harve after charles ik converting france to catholic to resolve
Catherine de Medici was convinced all the caulists were a threat to catholics killing heugos