CCAS 101 - Quiz 1 Study Guide

Self Identity

• Self-identity: Combination of personal and social identity.
  • Personal identity: Unique individual traits.
  • Social identity: Placement in social groups.
• Personal Identity:
  • Stable over time.
  • Examples: singer, artist, scholar.
• Social Identity:
  • Derived from knowledge of group memberships, with attached value and emotional significance.
• Chicano social identity: Collective identity among people of Mexican descent in the U.S., emphasizing cultural pride and political consciousness.
• Social Categorization: Based on nationality, language, race, ethnicity, skin color, or other meaningful social/physical characteristics.
• Social Comparison: Individuals compare their groups with others, influenced by societal evaluation.
• Psychological work: Cognitive and emotional work to achieve a positive sense of distinctiveness.

Birthplace-Based Citizenship (Jus Soli)

• Citizenship accrues to "all" born within a nation’s jurisdiction.
• Qualified by race in the U.S. for over 100 years.

Ancestry-Based Citizenship (Jus Sanguinis)

• (Unrestricted) Citizenship passed down through generations with few restrictions.
• (Restricted) Citizenship passed down with restrictions on generations or parental citizenship.
• In the United States, it is a mix of unrestricted (Jus soli) and restricted (Jus sanguinis).
• Birthright citizenship was tied to race until 1940.
• Citizenship is not extended to children of those residing in the U.S. unlawfully, or lawfully but temporarily.

Presidential Action

• Federal government will not grant citizenship documentation to children of those residing in the U.S. unlawfully or temporarily.
• Government agencies will enforce this policy.
• Dred Scott case: People of African descent excluded from U.S. citizenship based on race.

Native Americans and citizenship

• U.S V Wong Kim Ark (1898): Native-born children of aliens are birthright citizens.
• Native Americans were denied citizenship until 1924.
• 14th Amendment denied citizenship to Native Americans.
• Snyder Act (1924): Granted citizenship to all Native Americans born in the US.
• Native American voting rights were still denied by many states until the 1965 Voting Rights Act
• Wong Kim Ark case: Although he was born in the United States, he is not a citizen because his parents are Chinese

Status of Trump executive action on birthright citizenship in the courts

• Executive Order 14159: Protecting the American People Against Invasion. Since the executive order, many small courts have blocked the executive order claiming that it is unconstitutional, more specifically claiming that the executive order is a direct violation of the 14th amendment Citizenship Clause

White By Law Book

• The legal construction of race
  • Law constructs race at every level: changing physical traits, shaping social meanings, and justifying privileges and disadvantages.
• Racial prerequisite cases:
  • Ozawa v United States(1922): Takao Ozawa, a Japanese immigrant, was not a "white person,” so he was ineligible for citizenship.
  • United States v. Thind (1923): An Indian Sikh man named Bhagat Singh Thind was declared ineligible for naturalized citizenship by the Supreme Court due to his lack of "white" status under the Naturalization Act.
• Race as social construction:
  • Race is a social construct. It isn't "real", but the CONSEQUENCES ARE
• Bagat Singh Thind case
  • Common Knowledge and Scientific Evidence
• Racial Formation definition
  • $The socio-historical process by which racial identities are created, lived out, transformed, and destroyed (55)$
• Racial Projects definition
  • $An effort to organize and distribute resources along particular racial lines.$
• Racist Project definition:
  • $RACIST PROJECTS ARE A SUBDIVISION OF RACIAL PROJECTS, BUT NOT ALL RACIAL PROJECTS ARE RACIST PROJECTS$

Red lining

• Exclusionary housing policy enforced racial segregation.
• Reinforcing racial inequalities.
• Denied people of color access to economic opportunities like home loans.
• Confined people of color to underdeveloped neighborhoods.

Racial dictatorship/racial despotism

• Defining “American identity” as a white
• racialized “otherness”
• archetype of racial domination in the US
• A. “‘Master’ racial project”
• Rendering racial division
• demande an ongoing and intensive policing of racial boundaries

Domination and Hegemony

• Domination
  • State of assuming/exerting social/political control/power from a position of supremacy(…).
• Hegemony
  • Control or power held from a state/group over others. Ideas that we believe as common and that we consent to.
• Omni and Winant
  • Last and current stage within the theory of Racial Formation where the state enforces legal hegemony “colorblindness”, maintaining racial inequalities without appearing as racially tyrannical

US mexico war Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

• U.S. gained land including California, New Mexico, Nevada, Colorado, Arizona, Utah, and Oklahoma.
  • Rio Grande in Texas set as the border.
  • Based on Manifest Destiny.
  • Mexicans were seen as culturally inferior.

Citizenship and Article IX

• Mexicans forced to choose between U.S. or Mexican citizenship.
• Citizenship decided by proximity to whiteness using the Spanish casta system.

Pablo de la Guerra case

• Pablo De la Guerra (1870)
• From a Mexican elite family, was a land and property owner
• Pablo de la GUerra was running for a judge
• He can't run for judge because he isn't a citizen yet
  • Goes to the state supreme court of california
  • Treaty days until congress says so, when congress admitted CA as a state, that implied that all the former mexicans become US citizens
  • Therefore, Pablo De La Guerra was a US citizen and COULD run for judge

Property and Article X

• Omitted Article X from the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
  • Would have honored Mexican land grants.
  • Omission allowed U.S. to challenge Mexican land claims.
  • Contributed to displacement of Mexican families.

The CA Constitution of 1849 and Mexican voting rights

• Civil rights rooted in state citizenship.
• White Mexicans or Mexicans elites were allowed to vote.
• Mexicans of indigenous or African ancestry were barred from voting in elections.
  • Institutionalized the blood quantum

Laura Gomez 2005 article: Mexicans as “offwhite” and racial wedge group

• NM was focus due to unique demographics after the Mexican American War.
• Mexicans were granted whiteness at the expense of indigenous people.
• 4 tiered system
  • Ruling class Anglos > Mexican elites > Indigenous peoples > Black ppl
• “Off-white” refers to neither black nor fully white
• Pueblo Indians had full citizenship rights under Mexico

Main points of guest lecture, Jose Serrano

• Pathways to citizenship
  • Family, Humanitarian, Employer, Daca/TPS
• Push and pull
  • Push: When someone is forced to leave because of war, poverty, etc
  • Pull: When someone leaves for economic, education, or overall safety reasons
• Refugee vs. Asylum Seeker
  • Refugee’s have to prove they are fearful and persecuted to be accepted
• Citizenship and Naturalization Test:
  • Answers highly subjective

Latino Threat Narrative

• Mexicans refused to assimilate and threatened the American way of life
• Barriers hinder access to essential services.
• Removing birthright citizenship would leave US-born foreigners in limbo.
• Executive orders use language that migrants are invading the U.S

Media spectacles

• Media shares content that supports the anti immigrant narrative
• Shapes perceptions, defines feelings, and informs policy debates
• Examples:
  • Border surveillance
  • Reproduction
  • Fertility Levels
  • Fears of immigrant invasions, reconquest, economic impacts.
  • Trump speeches
• Media spectacles are pushes out information that hurt the immigrant community rather than support it through false and misinterpreted narratives