norman changes to england

social changes:

destroying economic infrastructure of england

harrying of the north

salt put on crops so they would no longer grow

more than 100 000 christian folks of both sexes, young and old alike, perished pf hunger.

people started eating horses, dogs, cats and even resorted to cannibalism

land between york and durham left uncultivated for 9 years

refugees turning up at abbeys died of exhaustion

yorkshire accounted for 80% waste of england

since 1066 more than 80 000 oxen and 150 000 people died, 100 000 said in the domesday book but under recorded

looting burning and killing became normal

mass migrations south

\ military changes:

castles built between 1066-1135 evidence of norman control

motte + bailey castles showed dominance over rebels - built on land stolen from northumberland rebels

built at important administrative, population and military centres and were important for norman power

built on land between rivers ouse and foss where they destroyed a large area of an anglo saxon town

york was the only town with 2 castles which shows importance and strength

shows enemies theyre strong so they dont attack, intimidating

built castles all over the country so they had resources and soldiers if needed

\ land policy changes:

old anglo saxon noble families had land confiscated and ending up as tenants on their former estates after the harrying of the north

25 norman lords in yorkshire held over 90% of land, dominating the area

hundreds of york villages had no resources, population - classed as waste

waste=physical distruction

wealthy areas of york lost 60% of their value compared to 1066

vast areas without plough teams’ population or value

almost deserted in 1086, 16 years to recover

long lasting damage by armies showing no mercy for local society

\ culture changes:

normans financed religious institutions

rebuilding the minister, reconstructing the parish, monastic churches, monumental arches and a new layout for central district

reusing roman walls, streets and gateways, deliberate to show they were legitemate heirs to england

york was seen as the holy city of norman power

york minister was rebuilt in a norman style

advanced arhcitecture, placing windows on second floor with interlocking arches for support

shows power and control over england

\ economic changes:

wealth of yorkshire decreased by 25% because of the harrying of the north

2/3 of the city’s housing was empty between 1066-1086, people moved down south

a royal king’s house and chapel was established on a large and denfensible site on the west bank of the river ouse

new norman developmnent was incorporated without the town being significantly enlarged

new marketplace, the extension of royal authority over the city fairground

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