Honors Bio Unit 4 Cellular Structure and Functions

prokaryote: most simple cell; bacteria and archae

prokaryote characteristics: no nucleus or organelles

eukaryote: all life forms except archae and bacteria

eukaryote characteristics: contain nucleus and organelles

what part(s) of a cell contain DNA?:nucleas, mitochondria, chloroplast

Endosymbiotic theory: eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes

characteristics specific to plant cells: Plastids(Chloroplasts), Cell Wall, Central Vacuole, Plasmodesmata

characteristics specific to animal cells: Centrioles and locomotion Organelle

Cell wall is found only in… plants and prokaryotes

golgi apparatus function: finalizes protein production by folding proteins

ribosomes function: make proteins

nucleus contains: genetic info

cell differenciation: how a cell's structure affects its functions and characteristics

phospholipid bilayer: phospholipid heads (hydrophylic) face the enviroment and cytoplasm, tails (hydrophobic) line the inside of the bilayer

plasma/cell membrane: separates inside of cell from outside of cell

diffusion: when molecules start of with a high concentration, then spread out to low concentration

simple diffustion: Small molecules are outside of membrane, but can freely move thru it

osmosis: "diffusion of water"

facilitated diffusion proteins inside of phospholipid bilayer help molecules and ions move across the membrane

active transport: carrier proteins (pumps) in the bilayer use ATP to bring low concentration to high concentration (opposite of diffusion)

passive transport: high to low concentration, no ATP needed, spontaneous (no pumps)

concentration gradient: inside vs. outside, with diffusion they will always try to end up equal, with active transport they won't end up equal

hypotonic: higher solute concentration inside cell

cytolysis: cells in a hypotonic solution blow up

hypertonic: higher solute concentration outside of cell

plasmolysis: cells in hypertonic solution shrivel up from water loss

isotonic: equal solute concentration inside and outside (dynamic equilibrium), water still moves

turgor pressure: pressure on the cell wall from hypotonic extracellular fluid

endocytosis: when a cell needs molecules but they’re too big, so the cell "hugs" it in

exocytosis: when molecules in a cell are too big so the cell gets rid of it

most efficient cell size: small cells are more likely to survive in nature

the cell theory: an organism is made of at least one cell, a cell is the most basic unit of life, all cells stem from an existing cell

cytoplasm: holds organelles

vacuole: holds sugars and water

mitochondria: converts sugar into energy

chloroplast: converts sunlight into energy