India Independence and Beyond

India Independence (After WWII)

  • Partition
    • Churchill didn’t want independence; Atlee ok.
    • Elections held in 1946.
    • Separate Muslim nation gained traction.
      • Idea fostered by Jinnah.
      • Dissatisfied with secular gov’t.
      • Wanted positions reserved for Muslims.
      • Convinced no justice for Muslims.
      • Gandhi & Nehru against idea.
      • Jinnah saw greater political opportunity.
      • Said “Islam is in danger”.
      • Offered to give up Pakistan if he could be India’s first Prime Minister.
    • Lord Mountbatten sent from London in 1947.
      • Was wartime commander in SE Asia.
      • Goal: work out independence details.
      • No power - find a workable solution.
    • British-appointed commission drew the lines.
      • East/West areas separated by 1000 mi.
    • August 14, 1947 Republics of India and Pakistan were created.
    • Gandhi protested.
    • Greatest mass refugee movement.
    • 1 million victims of mob massacre.
    • 50 million Muslims still in India (145 million now - equal to Pakistan pop).
    • Hindus in Pakistan discriminated against.
    • Partition lines split communities.
    • Since partition was based only on religion, nothing else was considered (Dr. Amartya Sen).
  • Kashmiri Conflict
    • Princely state: Muslim state with Hindu leader - Hari Singh.
    • Agreed to join India in return for military help.
    • Issue has never been resolved.
  • Gandhi assassinated 1/30/48 by an extremist who thought Gandhi was too tolerant of Muslims.
  • Pakistan and Bangladesh
    • East Bengal = East Pakistan = Bangladesh.
    • No industry, extremely poor, relied on Calcutta.
    • ½ of population of country.
    • Produced ¾ of exports abroad.
    • Underrepresented in national gov’t.
    • Received 10% of national budget.
    • Elections held 1970, greater autonomy.
    • 10 million refugees moved to India.
    • In response to mass slaughter.
    • W. Pakistan forces defeated.
    • People’s Republic of Bangladesh created in December 1971.
    • Unable to achieve political stability.
    • Still one of world’s poorest countries.
    • West Pakistan = Pakistan.
    • Jinnah died w/in a year of independence.
    • Series of corrupt, ineffective leaders.
    • 1958, martial law - huge military budget.
    • Capitol moved to Islamabad.
  • Economic conditions
    • Lacks most industrial materials (oil).
    • Per capita gains hindered by population growth.
    • Parliamentary gov’t under Bhutto.
    • Strengthened ties (US client state).
    • Wanted nuclear weapons; got them.
    • Supported Afghan rebels.
    • Many disputes with India (‘65, ‘71).
    • Served as an intermediary w/China.
    • Led to US/China agreement.
    • Massive military expenses.
  • Pakistan Recent Events
    • Majority don’t speak national language Urdu.
    • Mainly covered with arid mountains.
    • No common national purpose.
    • Nov. 1988 - Benazir Bhutto PM.
    • Opposed by military/fundamentalists.
    • Corruption rampant - removed.
  • India/Pakistan violence increasing.

Sri Lanka

  • Ceylon = Sri Lanka (1975 name change).
  • Sri Lanka pre-colonial name.
  • Easy transition to independence 1948.
  • Island had been under western domination since Portuguese.
  • “Second-Wave Nationalism” mid-1950s.
  • Election of 1956 - communal feelings.
  • Dominant Sinhalese against minority Tamils (Hindu).
    • Tamils 1/5 of population, lower class.
    • Sinhalese Buddhist, upper class.
  • Violence began in 1956.
  • WRD Bandaranibe elected on Sinhalese-only nationalism.
  • Assassinated 1956 by Buddhist.
  • 1987 Indian troops restored order.
  • Economic conditions
    • Self-sufficient in rice production 1971 - Due to irrigation/technology.
    • Plantation success in tea, rubber.
    • Light manufactured goods after 1991.
    • Population growth raise per capita $
    • Violence still rampant.
    • Tamil Tigers versus Sinhalese.
    • No solution in sight.

India after Independence

  • Republic of India - parliamentary democracy.
  • Largest democracy in the world.
  • Has survived repeated tests.
  • Nehru became PM in 1948 until 1964.
  • Creation of 16 new language-based states with a federal system.
  • Hindi became national official language.
    • Used in gov’t & taught in school.
    • Mother tongue of only 30% of pop.
    • Resented by Dravidian-speakers.
  • Special gov’t support for handicraft, small scale industries (symbolic).
    • Offered employment in rural areas.
  • Growth in cities - services lagging.
  • Mumbai, Calcutta, Delhi largest.
  • Population growth huge.
  • Nutrition from agricultural gains.
  • Public health improvements.
  • 1/3 remain in severe poverty.
  • Border dispute with China - 1962.
  • 1955 Conference of Asian Nations - Bandung, Java.
    • Established ties with Zhou Enlai.
    • Non-alignment policy presented.
    • No client of either superpower.
    • Ticked off the US.
    • India turned to USSR for help.
  • 1964- Nehru died.
  • Daughter Indira Gandhi elected.
  • Indira Gandhi (1917-1984).
  • Democracy able to withstand challenges.
  • Higher percentage than US vote.
  • Free press critical of gov’t.
  • US policy slow to recognize value.
  • Economic conditions
    • One of the first - green revolution.
    • Higher agri yields - improved seeds.
    • 1975 - India self-sufficient in grains.
    • Gap between rich and poor widened.
    • Able political manager.
  • June 1975 - proclaimed emergency.
    • Civil rights suspended, rebels jailed.
    • Defeated in1977, returned in 1980.
    • Became rigid and authoritarian.
    • High-tech emphasis.
  • 1974 - 1st nuclear test.
  • Sikhs
    • Felt disadvantaged, well organized.
    • Grew angry at gov’t controls on agri prices (imposed due to inflation).
    • Wanted greater recognition.
    • Gandhi’s response was rigid.
    • Sikhs are 2% of population.
    • Golden Temple at Amrtisar stormed by Indian troops.
    • Gandhi assassinated by 2 Sikh bodyguards.

China War in Asia (Sino-Japanese)

  • Manchurian Incident - 1931
    • Japan’s Kwantung Army.
    • Protected 500500 mil Japanese investment in Manchuria.
    • Sept - Mukden bombed.
    • Kwantung Army took over 3 provinces.
    • Manchukuo set up - Henry Puyi.
    • Western response: US condemns.
    • League’s Lytton Commission.
    • Japan walked out of League.
  • Marco Polo Bridge Incident - Beijing.
  • Massacre of Nanjing - 1937.
    • 300300K people killed in 3 days.
    • Jiang fled to Chongqing.
    • Japan took over east coast.
    • Roosevelt sent US aid to China.
    • Flying Tigers - volunteer air force.
  • Communist stronghold in Yanan - Nationalists in south - corruption.
  • Second United Front - CCP & Nationalists - Jiang & Mao mortal enemies - disease of the soul.
  • Mao Zedong Thought
    • Developed Party membership 4040K.
    • Mobilized peasantry - land reform.
    • “Mass Line” - peasant needs.
    • Rectification Campaign tested.
    • Goal: develop party discipline.
    • Japan defeated by US & left China.
    • US gave Nationalists support - 53,000 Marines left.
    • USSR stripped Manchuria clean.
  • China’s Civil War (1946-49)
    • Nationalists vs. Communists.
    • Nationalists far better equipped - Mao had the peasants on his side.
    • Captured US equipment.
    • Jiang alienated everyone
    • High inflation - increased taxes - requisition and corruption.
    • By Jan. 1949, losing to CCP - Jiang began to move to Taiwan.
    • October 1, 1949 People’s Republic of China (PRC) created.

Republic of China in Taiwan

  • Under Japanese rule - 1895-1945
    • Japanese made Taiwan a model.
      • Railroads /industry built.
      • Modernization substantial.
      • Created new owner-farmer class.
    • Jiang set up Republic of China Taiwan.
    • Chinese - collaborators.
    • 2 million mainlanders arrived & represented elite class.
  • Keys to success
    • State-controlled industry.
    • US-trained engineers useful.
    • Education flourished.
    • US made Taiwan Cold War issue.
      • Gave aid and protection.
      • On UN Security Council till ‘72.
    • Built on Japanese investment.
    • Industry promoted - export consumer electronics, steel.
  • Political Development
    • Authoritarian government - Jiang.
    • Jiang died in 1975.
    • Jiang’s son took over.
    • Lifted martial law (after 44 yrs).
    • More liberal policies.
  • Shanghai Communique
    • Between US & PRC.
    • Recognized Taiwan as a part of China, but cautioned PRC not to take Taiwan by force.
    • Growing Taiwanese democracy.
    • Open relations - PRC & Taiwan.

China Under Communist Rule

  • Mao is Chairman, Great Helmsman.
  • Zhou Enlai second in command.
  • Peng Dehuai, Lin Biao, Deng Xiaoping, Chen Boda are elite.
  • Flag adopted - 5-point star (CCP).
  • Establishing CCP control
    • Brought inflation down to 1515%.
    • Took control of banking.
    • Paid people with commodities.
  • Political development - 4.5 mil communists (400).
  • Three Antis Campaign (gov’t) - Five Antis Campaign (firms).
  • 1954 State Constitution - Based on Stalin’s 1936 one.
  • Enforced state cult of Mao.
  • Agriculture and Industry
    • Collectivization in 3 phases.
    • Led to state control of farming - peasants worked for wages.
    • Disrupted family life - mass dining halls, nursery.
    • 2K counties w/70K communes.
    • Grain monopoly - taxes low.
  • Industrialization implemented - First Five Year Plan 1953
    • High unemployment - movement - rural to urban.
    • Took loans/tech from USSR.
  • Hundred Flowers Campaign 1956-57
    • “Let a hundred flowers bloom”.
    • Program to encourage criticism - no response for a year.
    • Shut down in five weeks.
    • Followed by Anti-Rightist ‘57-58
    • Targeted intellectuals.
  • Great Leap Forward 1958-1960
    • Largest man-made disaster - 20-30 mil people died.
    • New Mao strategy: advance industry and agriculture at same time “ walk on two legs “.
    • Mass mobilization farm workers.
    • Overly ambitious targets based on USSR Lysenko’s faulty theories.
    • Population loyal to Mao - Unparalleled effort.
    • Round the clock labor - new roads, dams, cities.
    • All were unusable.
    • Village steel furnaces - gave cooking utensils for steel.
    • Bad weather led to drought - high quotas led to famine.
    • Peng Dehuai told Mao.
    • Unemployed sent to rural farms for manual labor.
    • Mao finally ended the program & stepped aside.
  • Greater Proletarian Cultural Revolution
    • Response to the GLF criticism - goal was to purge the party.
    • Politicized the army - Little Red Book - Quotations from Chairman Mao written by Chen Boda
    • Lasted from 1966 -1969, but extended until Mao’s death.
    • Key officials removed & 400K died, 1 mil persecuted.
    • Mao swam the Yangze.
  • Rise of the Red Guard
    • Used student youth 9-18 yrs old.
    • “Learn revolution by making revolution. ”.
    • Used Little Red Book as a guideline.
    • Attacked the Four Olds: Old ideas, culture, habits, customs.
    • Went after teachers, left school & started fighting among selves.
    • Finally disbanded when the Red Army intervened.
  • Mao
    • Created a new constitution.
    • Terror continued w/Gang of Four.
  • Relations with the USSR
    • Long history of tensions - Ideological differences.
    • USSR aid to China - all loans to be repaid with interest.
    • Double-dealing in Korea.
    • Khruschev’s attack on Stalin before the Politburo after Stalin’s death.
    • Mao took it personality.
    • USSR aid to Vietnam a problem.
    • USSR wouldn’t give PRC atomic technology.
    • China created its own bomb - Code named 59/6 in 1964.
    • Drove China into the arms of US - Zhou and Henry Kissinger met.
    • President Nixon recognized PRC - Shanghai Communique -1972.
  • It’s Good to Be Rich - Deng Xiaoping
    • Mao died in 1976.
    • Gang of Four arrested.
    • Deng Xiaoping - Paramount Leader.
    • Last of the Long Marchers
    • New economic policies
    • Second Revolution
    • Introduced the profit motive.
    • Increase in buying new stuff
    • Call for democracy.
    • 1989 - Tiananmen Square.
    • 100,000 students.
    • Deng ordered a crackdown.
    • Deng died in 1997 - Hong Kong returned to China.

Middle East

  • Gave rise to Arab nationalism: Iraq - 1922, Jordan - 1923 Syria, Lebanon - 1936
  • Jewish nationalism focused Israel
    • After WWI, began to buy land.
    • Set up kibbutzim.
    • Arabs united militarily, terror.
    • Jews set up Haganah military 3000 to protect Jews.
    • The White Paper - 1939 British stopped Jewish immigration Arab majority placed in charge Jews turn to terrorism.
    • WW II - Euro Jews go to Palestine Homeland most prominent after the destruction of Holocaust
    • Britain unable to deal w/problem.
  • Palestine question given to UN
    • Nov. 1947 - UN partition plan Gave Jews more land
    • Creation of Israel - May 14, 1948 Israel declared itself independent
    • US immediately recognized it.
    • Next day, Israel attacked by Arabs
    • Arab-Israeli War of 1948 Conducted in four phases
    • Israel attacked on all 4 sides
    • Despite Israel success, ended in a cease fire
    • No permanent treaty
    • No recognition of Israel
    • Arab nations not unified
    • Many Arabs displaced 1 mil estimated refugees Jordan, Lebanon Lived in refugee camps
  • Suez Crisis of 1956
    • Britain pulled out of ME
    • Gamal Nasser set up military regime in 1952
    • Aswan Dam completed
    • Got control of Nile Nationalized Suez Canal
    • Britain/France side w/Israel Gave air support Egypt lost Sinai & SuezUN got involved, gave Suez to Egypt for all to use
    • Nasser considered hero
  • Six Day War - 1967
    • Soviets lied to Arab nations Israel was about to invade Arabs began to mobilize US: Israel, no first strike!
    • Israel destroyed Egyptian air force - 2 days
    • Defeated Jordan in 2 days
    • Defeated Syria in 2 days
    • Occupied Territories: Sinai Peninsula, Jerusalem Golan Heights, West Bank Gaza Strip
    • Israeli dead: 800 Arab dead: 25,000.
    • Palestine Liberation Org. created, led by Yassir Arafat.
  • 1973 Yom Kippur War
    • Day of Atonement, holy day
    • Organized by Anwar Sadat
    • First, Egypt took all territory
    • Then Israel counterattacked
    • Regained territory
    • Israel led by PM Golda Meir
    • OPEC-Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Announced oil embargo
    • Caused worldwide recession
  • Camp David Accords - 1978
    • Convened by Jimmy Carter
    • Egypt’s Sadat, Israel’s Begin
    • Egypt agreed to recognize Israel, got back Sinai
    • Sadat & Begin got Nobel Prize
    • Sadat assassinated in 1981 -Arab fundamentalist.
  • Intifadas - Shaking
    • Armed street combat against Israeli military
  • Civil War in Lebanon
    • Palestinian refugee camps in S. Lebanon
    • During 1970s, Lebanon used as a base by the PLO
    • 1975, civil war broke out Cause: Muslim/Christian conflict
    • 1978, Israel bombed Lebanon Again in 1984 Israel maintained 25 mi. zone Finally left Lebanon Lebanon rebuilt; destroyed again
  • Revolution in Iran
    • Independent after WWII
    • Shah Pahlavi (since 1925) US support for corrupt regime
    • 1970s, students & Muslim clergy organized strikes, protests Shah went into exile - 1979 Conservative theocracy created
    • Ayatollah Khomeini
    • US Embassy personnel taken hostages for 1 year - released in 1981
  • Iran-Iraq War - 1980-88
    • Lasted 8 years - US gave Iraq money & arms Became a global issue
  • Iraq War (Desert Storm) - 1991 Persian Gulf War Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait
    • Concern over the int’l flow of oil Mission complete in weeks
  • Terrorist Attacks
    • 1993 - World Trade Center African Embassies USS Cole attack 9/11
    • Al Qaeda - Osama bin Laden: against Western military bases in holy areas

Russia Move Toward the Cold War

  • After WWII US and USSR emerged as world leaders USSR got control of E. Europe
  • Potsdam Conference
    • New players: Harry S. Truman, US Pres ;Clement Attlee, British PM
    • Stalin promised to let countries decide their own fate
    • German occupation zones established 3 to Allies, 1 to USSR
    • US very prosperous economically - Stalin wanted a buffer zone Satellite countries
    • USSR dominated Bulgaria, Romania, Albania E. Germany, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia
    • Federal Republic of Germany Created from 3 Allied zones Democratic - 1949 Stalin threatened; stopped West’s transport to Berlin
    • Berlin Airlift - June 1948 to May 1949 5,000 tons of food per day delivered to Berlin
    • Iron Curtain has descended across the continent - Churchill
  • NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) 1949 - 12 members expanded to 15 - Euro, US, Canada
    • 500,000 standing troops Goal: support in case of attack USSR response: Warsaw Pact 1955 - E. Europe & USSR
  • Post Stalin USSR
    • Stalin died in 1953, replaced by Nikita Khrushchev
    • De-Stalinization - Accused Stalin of killing soviets Removed Stalin’s statues
    • Khrushchev called for reforms Involved in Cuban Missile Crisis Visited US - “We will bury you”
    • Replaced in 1964 Leonid Brezhnev - Conservative, no toleration of dissent
    • Developed Brezhnev Doctrine 1968 - used Warsaw Pact satellites put down uprisings in other countries Economic growth slow - refused aid from US
  • Space Race
    • 1957 - Sputnik I launched - set off competition w/US US responded w/Explorer I USSR had a number of 1st 1st cosmonaut: Yuri Gagarin - 1st woman in space - 1st space lab - Mir US mounted moon landing effort
    • Mercury - Shepherd, Glenn, Shirra, Grissom, Slayton, Gordon, Apollo - 1969 - moon landing Reusable spacecraft Space shuttles - program ended 2011 Space station - Multinational effort Planet exploration - Voyager
  • USSR and the New Era
    • Mikhail Gorbachev - 1985
    • Stopped arms race - shifted money to consumer goods Announced foreign policy based on diplomacy
    • Caused tensions to be reduced Signed nuclear arms treaty Pulled out of Afghanistan after nine years of war Created new domestic policies
    • Glasnost (openness) 1986 Exchange of artists Rebirth of religion, literature - economic renewal sought Consumers protested lack of products
    • Problems blamed on central planning Productivity a problem Perestroika introduced - rebuild economy 1986 Begin to try free market - private business allowed - change slow
  • Political Reforms
    • Demokratizatsiya - 1989 New Congress of Peoples’ Deputies 1st free elections since 1917 Sparked changes through Europe Bad economic conditions led to dissent in satellites
    • Gorbachev rejected Brezhnev Doctrine Poland legalized Solidarity labor union - 1989 Communists out of office Hungary removed Iron Curtain with Austria E. Germany opened Berlin Wall - 1989 Other satellites broke free
  • Break-Up of USSR
    • The USSR federation was wracked by nationalism and ethnic demands Muslims in Central Asia wanted independence Baltic states tried to break free
    • 1991 - USSR disbanded Former states became independent countries Russia faces profound economic and political challenges

Japan World War II

  • Manchurian Incident - 1931
    • Japan invested 500m in Manchu Jiang threatened to retake area Japan led by Control Group & General Tojo Hideki Kwantung Army on its own
    • Minor explosion led to invasion US reaction Sect’y of State Stimson - Non-Recognition Policy 1932 No support from Britain
    • League of Nations Commission Lytton Report presented Japanese delegation walked out in 1933 Japanese militarism grew 43% of budget went to military Zaibatsu closely connected to government
  • War in China
    • 1932 - Bombing of Chapei - outside of Shanghai
    • Marco Polo Bridge Incident ‘37 Took over Beijing All out war - “endless bog” Rape of Nanjing - 300K killed Puppet gov’ts installed
    • Japan closed the trade door on US (took over Standard oil) Destroyed U.S. warship - Panay - on river Anti-Comintern Pact signed - Japan and Germany US (Roosevelt) supported China $50 million credit - $5 mil airplane factory, pilots (Flying Tigers) Clare Chennault, Gen. Joseph Stillwell - American leaders Able to bomb Japan from China
    • US Naval Act 1938 $1.1 bil Japan dependent on US supplies Oil, airplane parts, scrap metal US business pressure not to declare war on Japan Hull-Nomura diplomatic talks Constant negotiations - bit by bit, US cut off supplies
  • Build up to a Showdown
    • Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere Goal: set up Japan-led economic bloc Strategy: invade Southeast Asia Risk: British ally (US) might enter war, “Do not wake that sleeping dragon. ”
    • US began to cut off exports 1940-41
    • Sept. 26 US banned scrap iron July 18 cut off oil (60% from US) US Far Eastern Command estab. General D. MacArthur
    • Sept. ‘41 - US told Japan to get out of China Oct. ‘41 - Tojo decided to attack Targeted US fleet in Hawai’i Admiral Yamamoto Isoroku Preemptive attack before invading Southeast Asia
    • Dec. 7, 1941 - “a day that will live in infamy” Next day, Philippines, Indonesia, Malaya, Burma invaded
  • Pacific Theatre 1942 - 1945 - led by Admiral Nimitz, MacArthur
    • War fought on water, islands Island-hopping strategy Coral Sea: Japanese stopped Midway: Tide turned toward US Major battles: Marshalls, Marianas, Saipan Leyte Gulf, IwoJima, Okinawa Marching to Surrender Invasion plans approved at Yalta Conference - Stalin agreed to fight Japan w/US Okinawa used to bomb Japan
    • By 6/45, 67 cities destroyed 300K killed, 400K wounded - fear of outdoing Hitler More US lives lost from Jan. to June ‘45 than in the first 3 years
    • Diplomatic goal: US only in terms of occupation of Japan Atomic deployment decided on greatest psychological impact Civilians targeted - rejected a demonstration Rejected Kyoto as target Potsdam Conference - Truman Japan close to surrender
    • Potsdam Declaration - Unconditional surrender Bombs ordered Aug. 6 - Enola Gay - Hiroshima Aug. 9 - Bock’s Car - Nagasaki
    • Surrender - Imperial Rescript Only Emperor could end it - Aug. 15 - not repentant Gen MacArthur, USS Missouri - Perry’s flag, 400 B-29s
  • Occupation & Reconstruction
    • First occupation forces arrive 8/30 Goal: establish financial security US was Japan’s only friend Japan saw they could work with the U.S. “Give me bullets or give me bread. ”
    • Structure of Occupation (1945-47) Japan - center of Asian capitalism Contain communism Keep Japan orderly & in control MacArthur in charge - Supreme Command of Allied Powers (SCAP) Played like a Shogun - 400K US troops sent Japan disarmed themselves Hirohito treated w/respect - Exempt from war trials Worked w/MacArthur Japanese Leaders - Conservative/Liberal split Yoshida Shigeru PM in ‘46 - Liberal Democratic Party Ran Japan w/iron fist
    • US policy directives - restore civil liberties Decentralization of power - labor unions allowed Gov’t strikes outlawed 1 mil political prisoners let out 1,000 set for war crimes - 7 executed
  • Major Reforms
    • Land reform - feudal structure out Owner-Farmer Estab. Law 4 mil acres sold to 2 mil - conservative backbone
    • Women’s Rights Vote, hold property, enter gov’t, get higher education 1946 - 38 of 80 elected to Diet
    • Education Reform Decentralize authority Problem of textbooks, history
    • Economic Reform Tried to reign in zaibatsu Applied US antitrust laws Excluded foreign investment Use of domestic savings
    • Meiji Constitution Revision Individual up, gov’t down No military control Freedom of speech, press, religion Changes were Japanese-originated MacArthur worked directly with Yoshida
    • Military development issue - Article IX in constitution Army had no right to be belligerent with neighbors Document issued in Emperor’s name Became law May 3, 1947
  • Second Occupation (1947 - 1950)
    • Economic recession in Japan Goal: make Japan self-sufficient - build up Korea for Japan Fix: increase production & bring back the zaibatsu Reopen SE Asian markets
    • New focus caused US to stay on Led by James Kennen, US State Dept. Major part of US Cold War NSC 13/2 - no trade obstacles Attack inflation - raise production exports Private enterprise encouraged Yoshida Shigeru Broke w/US over China trade Began conservative policies - unions attacked Established bureaucracy - support for SCAP
    • 1949 - Foreign Exchange Law 1950 - Foreign Investment Law Adjusted US/Japan imbalance of trade (12%i v. 82%ex) Peace Treaty Development Fear over anti-US feeling Japan wanted old colonies back Three treaties drafted Bilateral (US/Japan) for US protection and US bases Independence treaty for all ANZUS (Australia/New Zealand/US) security treaty Yoshida One Man willing to resist US Korean War - refused to send troops 70% of exports to Korea - Marshall Plan for Japan Rearmament - bad for economy Trading with China - in secret
  • Modern Japan Japanese Economic Gains
    • By 1953 - at pre-war level 1950s/1960s: growth rate 10% $10 bil to $200 bil
  • Keys to Success
    • Imported technology Many American inventions bought (LCD, transistors) US management tools used High rates of Investment/Savings
    • 16.516.5% of income put in bank Productive labor force Built on high quality standards Team-based - Job security strong Big Blue Yokohama - flexible response to change
  • Role of government MITI (Ministry of International Trade and Technology) -cabinet post
    • Supportive, set nat’l goals - Zaibatsu still around
  • Social/Culture Challenges
    • Women’s roles have changed - not having children Has led to a graying population Pollution a serious issue