Classical Argumentation

Introduction

• Introduces the reader to the subject under discussion
• Draws the reader into the text by piquing their interest, challenging them, or getting their attention
• Includes the hook and thesis
• Often establishes ethos

Narration

• Provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand
• Establishes why the subject is a problem
• Often appeals to pathos because the writer attempts to evoke an emotional response

Confirmation

• Claim, evidence, reasoning
• Includes a development or proof needed to make the writer’s case
• Contains the most specific and concrete detail
• Usually makes the strongest appeal

Refutation

• Addresses the counterargument
• Bridge between the writer’s proof and conclusion
• Counterargument’s appeal is largely to logos
• Concession means to concede one point to the opposition (one sentence or less)
• Can go anywhere besides after the conclusion

Conclusion

• Brings the essay to a satisfying close
• Usually appeals to pathos and reminds the reader of the ethos established earlier

rings all the writer’s ideas together and answers the questions, so what? who cares? why does it matter?

• Don’t flip the intro