Chemistry

electronegativity is the ability of an atom to attract bonding electrons to itself

%%the electronegativity of Fluorine is 4.0%%

%%the electronegativity of Oxygen is 3.5%%

%%the electronegativity of Nitrogen is 3.0%%

%%the electronegativity of Carbon is 2.5%%

%%the electronegativity of phosphorous is 2.1%%

%%the electronegativity of Sulfur is 2.5%%

%%the electronegativity of Chlorine is 3.0%%

%%the electronegativity of Selenium is 2.4%%

%%the electronegativity of Bromine is 2.8%%

%%the electronegativity of Iodine is 2.5%%

%%the electronegativity of Hydrogen is 2.1%%

the difference of electronegativity in a polar bond is 0.5 to 2.0

%%the difference of electronegativity in a nonpolar is 0 to 0.4%%

%%the difference in electronegativity is larger than 2.0 then its ionic%%

the sum of all formal charges in a neutral molecule is 0

the sum of all formal charges in an ion must equal the charge of the ion

better structures have smaller formal charges

with bond energies the more electrons, the stronger the bond

each bond counts as one electron group on the central atom regardless of its a double, single or triple bond

%%2 electron groups elec geometry= linear%%

%%3 electron groups elec geometry = trigonal planar%%

%%4 electron groups elec geometry= tetrahedral%%

%%5 electron groups elec geometry= trigonal bipyramidal%%

%%6 electron groups elec geometry= octahedral%%

%%molecular geometry of a structure with 4 elec groups, 2 of which are lone pairs = bent%%

%%molecular geometry of a structure with 4 elec groups, one of which is a lone pair = trigonal pyramidal%%

%%molecular geometry of a structure with 5 elec groups, one of which is a lone pair= seesaw%%

%%molecular geometry of a structure with 5 elec groups, 2 of which are lone pairs= t-shaped%%

%%molecular geometry of a structure with 5 elec groups, 3 of which are lone pairs=linear%%

%%molecular geometry of a structure ith 6 elec groups, one of which is a lone pair= square pyramidal%%

%%molecular geometry of a structure with 6 elec groups, 2 of which are lone pairs= square planar shape%%

C2H3O2= Acetate

CO3 2- = Carbonate

HCO3 - =hydrogen carbonate

OH - = hydroxide

NO2 - = Nitrite

NO3 - =Nitrate

CrO4 2- = Chromate

Cr2O7 2- =Dichromate

PO4 3- = Phosphate

HPO4 2- = Hydrogen phosphate

H2PO4 - = Dihydrogen Phosphate

NH4 + = Ammonium

ClO - = Hypochlorite

ClO2 - =Chlorite

ClO3 - =Chlorate

ClO4 - =Perchlorate

MnO4 - =permanganate

SO3 2 - = Sulfite

HSO3 - =Hydrogen sulfite

SO4 2 - = Sulfate

HSO4 - =Hydrogen sulfate

CN - =Cyanide

O2 2 - =peroxide