Chapter 4 Carbon Chemistry and Functional Groups Study Notes

Carbon Properties and Valence Bonding

  • Carbon features 44 open spaces for bonding and 4444 valence electrons.
  • Carbon forms bonds with:
    • Hydrogen
    • Nitrogen
    • Oxygen
    • Carbon
  • Types of chemical bonds formed include:
    • Single bonds
    • Double bonds

Hydrocarbons

  • Hydrocarbon definition: Formed from Hydro + Carbon.
  • Property: Hydrophobic.
  • Chemical structure representation:
    • Hydrogen atoms bonded around Carbon (H−C−HH-C-H).

Isomers

  • Definition: Molecules containing the same amount of elements, but possessing different properties.
  • Structural Isomers: Arranged differently, but structurally composed of the same elements.
  • Cis/Trans Isomers:
    • Cis: Groups located on the same side.
    • Trans: Groups located on opposite sides.
  • Enamier:
    • Defined as a mirror image.
    • Identified with (L)(L) and (B)(B).

Functional Groups

  • Functions: Chemical groups directly involved in functions.
  • Carbonyl:
    • Keytone (in\text{in})
    • Ardehydeous
  • Hydroxyl:
    • Chemical notation: −OH-OH
    • Found in Alchdhds
  • Amino:
    • Chemical notation: N−HN-H
    • Function: Acts as base
  • Sulfhydryl:
    • Chemical notation: −SH-SH
    • Function: Stabalizes Protien
  • Phosophate:
    • Chemical structure notation: O−P−OO-P-O
    • Function: Releases energy
  • Methyl:
    • Chemical structure notation: H−C−HH-C-H
    • Function: Acts as tag / not chemically reactive
  • Carbonarayl:
    • Associated values/notations: 023−440023-440 and 1−2−11-2-1
    • Function: Acts as acid