Untitled Flashcards Set

Flashcard #1 \n**Term:** Chronological development \n**Definition:** The progression and order of development events as they unfold over time.

**Flashcard #2** \n**Term:** Lifespan development \n**Definition:** The study of how people change and grow from infancy through old age.

**Flashcard #3** \n**Term:** Stability and change \n**Definition:** The concept of whether personalities and behaviors remain consistent or change over time.

**Flashcard #4** \n**Term:** Nature and nurture \n**Definition:** The debate regarding the influence of genetic or biological factors (nature) versus environmental factors (nurture) in shaping development.

**Flashcard #5** \n**Term:** Continuous development \n**Definition:** Concept suggesting that human development occurs gradually.

**Flashcard #6** \n**Term:** Discontinuous development \n**Definition:** Concept suggesting that development is characterized by abrupt and distinct stages.

**Flashcard #7** \n**Term:** Teratogens \n**Definition:** Agents like chemicals and viruses that can reach the embryo/fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

**Flashcard #8** \n**Term:** Neural pruning \n**Definition:** The process of eliminating unnecessary neuronal connections to improve brain efficiency.

**Flashcard #9** \n**Term:** Maturation \n**Definition:** The orderly sequence of biological growth.

**Flashcard #10** \n**Term:** Reflexes \n**Definition:** Involuntary and automatic responses to stimuli.

**Flashcard #11** \n**Term:** Intersex \n**Definition:** A condition at birth of a combination of female and male chromosomes.

**Flashcard #12** \n**Term:** Visual cliff \n**Definition:** A test to assess depth perception in infants, involving a glass surface that creates an appearance of a drop-off.

**Flashcard #13** \n**Term:** Critical periods \n**Definition:** Specific windows of time during which certain skills or abilities are most easily developed.

**Flashcard #14** \n**Term:** Imprinting \n**Definition:** A form of learning in which a young animal attaches to its first moving object or caregiver.

**Flashcard #15** \n**Term:** Growth spurt \n**Definition:** A period marked by rapid growth, typically during puberty.

**Flashcard #16** \n**Term:** Puberty \n**Definition:** A developmental stage characterized by rapid physical growth and sexual maturation.

**Flashcard #17** \n**Term:** Primary sex characteristics \n**Definition:** Physical changes directly related to reproduction.

**Flashcard #18** \n**Term:** Secondary sex characteristics \n**Definition:** Physical changes not directly linked to reproduction but signaling sexual maturity.

**Flashcard #19** \n**Term:** Menarche \n**Definition:** The first menstrual period.

**Flashcard #20** \n**Term:** Spermarche \n**Definition:** The first ejaculation.

**Flashcard #21** \n**Term:** Menopause \n**Definition:** The termination of a woman's menstrual periods and reproductive ability.

**Flashcard #22** \n**Term:** Schemas \n**Definition:** Mental structures that guide thinking and organize knowledge.

**Flashcard #23** \n**Term:** Assimilation \n**Definition:** The process of incorporating new information into existing schemas.

**Flashcard #24** \n**Term:** Accommodation \n**Definition:** The process of altering existing schemas to incorporate new information.

**Flashcard #25** \n**Term:** Object permanence \n**Definition:** The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.

**Flashcard #26** \n**Term:** Preoperational stage \n**Definition:** Cognitive development stage from ages 2-7 characterized by limited logical reasoning ability.

**Flashcard #27** \n**Term:** Conservation \n**Definition:** Understanding that quantity remains constant despite changes in shape or appearance.

**Flashcard #28** \n**Term:** Egocentrism \n**Definition:** The inability to see a situation from another person's point of view.

**Flashcard #29** \n**Term:** Theory of mind \n**Definition:** The ability to understand that others have thoughts and perspectives different from one's own.

**Flashcard #30** \n**Term:** Concrete operational stage \n**Definition:** Cognitive development stage where children start using logical thought but only in concrete contexts.

**Flashcard #31** \n**Term:** Formal operational stage \n**Definition:** Final cognitive development stage, characterized by abstract thought and reasoning.

**Flashcard #32** \n**Term:** Scaffolding \n**Definition:** A teaching method that involves breaking complex information into manageable parts.

**Flashcard #33** \n**Term:** Zone of proximal development \n**Definition:** The gap between what a learner can do without help and what they can achieve with guidance.

**Flashcard #34** \n**Term:** Crystallized intelligence \n**Definition:** Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills that tend to remain stable or improve with age.

**Flashcard #35** \n**Term:** Fluid intelligence \n**Definition:** The ability to reason quickly and abstractly, which tends to decline with age.

**Flashcard #36** \n**Term:** Phonemes \n**Definition:** The smallest distinctive sound units in a language.

**Flashcard #37** \n**Term:** Morphemes \n**Definition:** The smallest units of meaning in a language.

**Flashcard #38** \n**Term:** Semantics \n**Definition:** The study of meaning in language.

**Flashcard #39** \n**Term:** Syntax \n**Definition:** The rules that govern the structure of sentences in a language.

**Flashcard #40** \n**Term:** Cooing \n**Definition:** Vowel-like sounds made by infants around 4 months of age.

**Flashcard #41** \n**Term:** Babbling \n**Definition:** Repeating consonant-vowel combinations, starting around 4-6 months of age.

**Flashcard #42** \n**Term:** Holophrases \n**Definition:** One-word utterances used by toddlers that represent whole sentences or thoughts.

**Flashcard #43** \n**Term:** Telegraphic speech \n**Definition:** Two-word sentences used by toddlers to convey meaning concisely.

**Flashcard #44** \n**Term:** Language Acquisition Device (LAD) \n**Definition:** A theoretical construct proposed by Noam Chomsky that suggests humans are pre-programmed to learn language.

**Flashcard #45** \n**Term:** Ecological systems theory \n**Definition:** A framework for understanding the different environments that influence human development.

**Flashcard #46** \n**Term:** Microsystem \n**Definition:** Immediate environment including family, friends, and schools that influence individual development.

**Flashcard #47** \n**Term:** Mesosystem \n**Definition:** The interconnections between different microsystems, such as between home and school.

**Flashcard #48** \n**Term:** Exosystem \n**Definition:** External environments that indirectly influence development, such as parents' workplaces.

**Flashcard #49** \n**Term:** Macrosystem \n**Definition:** Cultural and societal impacts on development.

**Flashcard #50** \n**Term:** Chronosystem \n**Definition:** The dimension of time in ecological systems theory, encompassing changes over the lifespan.

**Flashcard #51** \n**Term:** Authoritarian parenting \n**Definition:** A strict parenting style characterized by high demands and low responsiveness.

**Flashcard #52** \n**Term:** Authoritative parenting \n**Definition:** A parenting style marked by warmth and reasonable demands.

**Flashcard #53** \n**Term:** Permissive parenting \n**Definition:** A parenting style characterized by low demands but high responsiveness.

**Flashcard #54** \n**Term:** Attachment styles \n**Definition:** Patterns of attachment that infants develop with caregivers.

**Flashcard #55** \n**Term:** Secure attachment \n**Definition:** A healthy attachment style where infants feel safe and seek comfort from caregivers.

**Flashcard #56** \n**Term:** Insecure attachment \n**Definition:** An attachment style that reflects a lack of confidence in a caregiver's responsiveness.

**Flashcard #57** \n**Term:** Temperament \n**Definition:** Innate personality characteristics that influence behavior.

**Flashcard #58** \n**Term:** Separation anxiety \n**Definition:** Distress experienced by infants when separated from their primary caregiver.

**Flashcard #59** \n**Term:** Parallel play \n**Definition:** A form of play where children play side by side without interaction.

**Flashcard #60** \n**Term:** Imaginary audience \n**Definition:** An adolescent belief that they are the center of attention and everyone is watching them.

**Flashcard #61** \n**Term:** Personal fable \n**Definition:** The belief common in adolescents that they are unique and invulnerable.

**Flashcard #62** \n**Term:** Social clock \n**Definition:** Cultural timelines that dictate when certain life events should occur.

**Flashcard #63** \n**Term:** Emerging adulthood \n**Definition:** A developmental stage occurring from late teens through twenties marked by exploration of identity.

**Flashcard #64** \n**Term:** Trust and mistrust \n**Definition:** An early developmental stage where infants learn if their needs will be met.

**Flashcard #65** \n**Term:** Autonomy and shame and doubt \n**Definition:** A stage of development where toddlers begin to assert independence.

**Flashcard #66** \n**Term:** Initiative and guilt \n**Definition:** A developmental stage where preschoolers learn to initiate tasks.

**Flashcard #67** \n**Term:** Industry and inferiority \n**Definition:** A stage where children learn to work and cooperate with others.

**Flashcard #68** \n**Term:** Identity and role confusion \n**Definition:** The phase in adolescence where individuals explore their personal identity.

**Flashcard #69** \n**Term:** Intimacy and isolation \n**Definition:** Young adults struggle to form intimate relationships.

**Flashcard #70** \n**Term:** Generativity and stagnation \n**Definition:** Middle-aged adults seek to contribute to society or may feel stagnant.

**Flashcard #71** \n**Term:** Integrity and despair \n**Definition:** Late adults reflect on their lives in search of a sense of fulfillment.

**Flashcard #72** \n**Term:** Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) \n**Definition:** Traumatic experiences during childhood that can impact long-term health and well-being.

**Flashcard #73** \n**Term:** Diffusion (adolescent development) \n**Definition:** A psychological state marked by a lack of strong identity or commitment.

**Flashcard #74** \n**Term:** Foreclosure (adolescent development) \n**Definition:** Acceptance of parental or societal values and roles without personal exploration.

**Flashcard #75** \n**Term:** Identity moratorium (adolescent development) \n**Definition:** Exploring different identities without yet making a commitment.

**Flashcard #76** \n**Term:** Racial/ethnic identity \n**Definition:** One's sense of belonging to a particular racial or ethnic group.

**Flashcard #77** \n**Term:** Sexual orientation \n**Definition:** An individual's emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to others.

**Flashcard #78** \n**Term:** Religious identity \n**Definition:** One’s identification with or participation in a particular faith or spiritual belief.

**Flashcard #79** \n**Term:** Occupational identity \n**Definition:** A person's sense of their work-related skills and aspirations.

**Flashcard #80** \n**Term:** Familial identity \n**Definition:** Identification with family values, roles, and relationships.

**Flashcard #81** \n**Term:** Possible selves (adolescence) \n**Definition:** The various roles and identities that an adolescent envisions for their future.