Social and Modern Studies Grade 9 Notes

Social and Modern Studies Grade 9 Notes

Page 1-3

  • SOCIALO MODERN studies GRADE 9

Page 4: Textbook Development and Evaluation

  • Panel Coordinator: Pierre-André Boullé (Senior Lecturer, MIE)
  • Subject Coordinators: Seema Goburdhun (Associate Professor, MIE), Jay Ramsaha (Senior Lecturer, MIE)
  • Panel Members: Nagamootoo Pillay Jagambrum (Lecturer, MIE), Chandrashekhar Padaruth (Senior Lecturer, MIE - Retired), Yogesh Juggessur (Deputy Rector), Poorooshotum Behary (Educator), Teena Gomes (Educator), Jeanne Marianette Agathe-Colet (Educator, Rodrigues), Désiré Clarel Lynley Léonce (Educator, Rodrigues), Ihtisham Arjun Teelock Miraj (Resource person)
  • Graphic Designer: Vedita Jokhun
  • Acknowledgements:
    • Jocelyn Chan Low (Associate Professor, UOM - Retired)
    • Dr. Vijayalakshmi Teelock (Associate Professor, University of Mauritius)
    • Dr. Manorama Akung (Senior Lecturer, Department of History and Political Science, University of Mauritius)
    • Raj Boodhoo (Senior Lecturer, Mauritius Institute of Education - Retired)
    • Satyendra Peerthum (Historian, Writer & Head of Documentation, Research Unit, Aapravasi Ghat Trust Fund)
    • Louis Olivier Bancoult (O.S.K, Leader of Chagos Refugee Group, Chairman Chagossian Welfare Board & All Members of CRG)
    • Dr. Didier Michel (Senior Lecturer, University of Mauritius)
    • Les Verts-Fraternels
    • Ministry of Education and Human Resources, Tertiary Education and Scientific Research
    • Rajendra Korlapu-Bungaree (Senior Lecturer, MIE) - Proofreading
    • Sarvesh Hurry (Lecturer, MIE) - Comments and suggestions
  • Wide range of sources consulted: books, articles, journals and internet sources.

Page 5: Foreword

  • Grade 9 textbooks complete the textbook production for Grades 1-9 in the context of the Nine Year Continuous Basic Education (NYCBE) project.
  • Textbooks are designed in line with the National Curriculum Framework (NCF) and the syllabi for Grades 7, 8, and 9, accessible on the MIE website.
  • Textbooks build upon competencies of learners developed in Grades 7 and 8, based on the philosophy of the NCF for the NYCBE.
  • Content and pedagogical approaches allow for incremental and continuous improvement of learners’ cognitive skills using contextualized materials appealing to learners.
  • Academics from MIE, educators from Mauritius and Rodrigues, and other stakeholders contributed to the writing of textbooks.
  • Appreciation for comments and suggestions made by educators part of validation panels, emanating from long-standing experience and practice in the field.
  • Development of textbooks has been a challenging exercise for writers and the MIE.
  • Efforts to enrich students' learning experiences through appealing approaches, without compromising on quality.
  • Gratitude to all writers and contributors who have produced content of high standard.
  • Professor Vassen Naëck provided guidance with respect to the objectives of the NCF.
  • Acknowledgement to graphic artists and support staff.
  • Thanks to the Ministry of Education, Human Resources, Tertiary Education and Scientific Research for actively engaging the MIE in the development of textbooks for the reform project.
  • Dr O Nath Varma, Director, Mauritius Institute of Education wishes enriching and enjoyable experiences to all users of the new set of Grade 9 textbooks.

Page 6: Preface

  • The SMS textbook for Grade 9 has been designed based on the philosophy of the new National Curriculum Framework (NCF, 2016).
  • The NCF aims at promoting the holistic development of children and developing their competencies to meet the challenges of the 21st century.
  • The themes presented in the SMS textbook seek to prepare learners with knowledge about themselves, the people and the society around them, the nation and the world, through the lenses and methods of Social Sciences disciplines: History, Geography and Sociology.
  • The textbook reinforces and extends key historical and geographical concepts and skills introduced in primary cycle and Grades 7 and 8.
  • Issues of Human Rights, Climate Change and Sustainable Development, Democracy, Values and Gender are incorporated in the topics.
  • An essential feature of the NCF is ‘learning through inquiry’.
  • Inquiry-based activities are included in the textbook, engaging learners in the learning process and empowering them to be responsible for their individual learning.
  • A wide range of activities has been provided within the text to facilitate educators; these can be used to carry out continuous and formative assessment.
  • Activities are mere guidelines, and educators are advised to adapt them according to the needs of their learners.
  • Additional activities involve discussions and are geared towards developing thinking and creative skills of learners.
  • Educators are encouraged to carry out the activities as these would develop their learners’ communication and thinking skills.
  • Illustrations, diagrams, concept maps, and pictures have been used to convey information.
  • Educators are encouraged to use visuals to initiate classroom discussion to enable learners to have a better understanding of the topics.
  • New SMS textbook enriching for one and all.
  • Comments and suggestions welcome.

Page 7: Table of Contents

  • Unit 1: Social and Economic Development in Mauritius since 1968:
    • Topic 1: Social and Economic conditions in Mauritius at the time of Independence (Pages 1-40)
    • Topic 2: Economic Development in Mauritius since Independence
    • Topic 3: Constitutional and Political developments in Mauritius (1968-1992)
  • Unit 2: Welfare State, Social Change and Environmental Impact (Pages 41-84)
    • Topic 1: Our Welfare State
    • Topic 2: Social Change
  • Unit 3: Mauritius and its Historical Links with Europe, Africa and Asia (Pages 85-102)
    • Topic 1: Mauritius and its historical links with countries in Europe, Africa and Asia
    • Topic 2: Mauritius and its contemporary links with countries and organizations
  • Unit 4: Population Studies (Pages 103-124)
    • Topic 1: Population Studies
    • Topic 2: Migration
  • Unit 5: Thinking about the Future (Pages 125-128)

Page 8: Map of Mauritius

  • Map with various locations labeled, including cities, towns, islands, and points of interest.

Page 9: Unit 1 Overview

  • Unit focuses on the social and economic life of Mauritius after independence in 1968.
  • Examines the social and economic difficulties faced by the people at the time of independence.
  • Explores government measures to address these problems.
  • Covers stages of economic development and industrialization known as the ‘Mauritian Miracle’.
  • Outlines constitutional amendments and political developments from independence to republic.
  • Learning Objectives:
    • Outline socio-economic conditions at independence.
    • Discuss stages in the economic development.
    • Trace constitutional amendments and political development from independence to republic.
    • Reflect upon the challenges ahead.

Page 10: Topic 1 Introduction

  • Notes section for personal annotations.

Page 11: Topic 1: Social and Economic Conditions at Independence

  • Learning Objectives:
    • Recall Mauritius obtained independence in 1968.
    • Understand the social conditions at the time of independence.
    • Summarize social conditions using historical sources.
    • Outline measures taken by the government to improve social conditions.
  • Key Figures:
    • Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam (1st Prime Minister)
    • Sir Veerasamy Ringadoo (1st President)
    • Sir John Shaw Rennie (1st Governor General)
    • Sir Abdool Raman Osman (1st Mauritian Governor General)
  • Historical Context:
    • Mauritius gained independence on March 12, 1968, becoming a sovereign democratic country.
    • Since independence, Mauritius has its own Constitution Elections are held at regular intervals. An elected government is responsible for the administration of the islands.
    • From 1968 to 1992, the Queen of Britain remained the Head of State via a Governor-General.
    • In 1992, Mauritius became a Republic with a President as Head of State.

Page 12: Activity 1.1

  • Activity 1.1 (Fill in the blanks):
    • (a) independent
    • (b) prime minister
    • (c) republic
    • (d) democratic, vote
    • (e) autonomy
  • Activity 1.1 (Recall and explain terms):
    • (a) Constitution: A set of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state or other organization is acknowledged to be governed.
    • (b) Government: The body with the power to make and/or enforce laws to control a country, land area, people or organization.
    • (c) Democracy: A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
    • (d) Sovereignty: Supreme power or authority.
    • (e) Autonomy: The right or condition of self-government.

Page 13: Social Conditions in the 1960s

  • Mauritius has made significant progress in social, political, and economic fields, becoming one of the most successful countries in Africa.
  • Life for Mauritians following independence was challenging due to various social and economic difficulties.
  • Social Problems in the 1960s:
    • Rapid rise in population
    • Housing conditions
    • Health issues

Page 14: Housing Conditions

  • In the 1960s, many people were poor and did not have good housing.
  • Most houses were made of thatched roofs or corrugated iron sheets; straw and wooden houses were also common.
  • In Port Louis, many people lived in wooden houses, huts, and shacks.
  • These houses were vulnerable to heavy rains and cyclones.
  • Cyclones ‘Alix’ and ‘Carol’ in 1960 caused widespread destruction, leaving thousands homeless.

Page 15: Cyclone Tracks and Questions

  • Figure 1 shows the tracks of cyclones ‘Alix’ and ‘Carol’.
  • Cyclone Alix: January 1960, highest gusts 200 km/hr.
  • Cyclone Carol: Feb 1960, Highest gusts 256 km/hr.
  • Rodrigues also affected, with houses made of wood and corrugated iron sheets.

Page 16: Housing Initiatives After Cyclones

  • Following the destruction caused by cyclones ‘Alix’ and ‘Carol’ in 1960, housing became a major concern.
  • The government established the ‘Central Housing Authority’ (CHA) to tackle the housing problem.
  • The ‘Housing Reconstruction Programme’ provided concrete houses for those made homeless.
  • Between 1961 and 1970, about 14,000 houses were built across the island and sold at subsidized prices with monthly payments over 25 years.
  • After cyclone ‘Gervaise’ in 1975, the government initiated a program to build 10,000 houses over 5 years.
  • Responsibilities were given to:
    • Central Housing Authority (CHA)
    • Mauritius Housing Corporation (MHC)
    • Sugar Industry Labour Welfare Fund (SILWF)
  • Loans at low interest rates were provided to poor and low-income households for the purchase of houses.

Page 17: Health Issues

  • In the 1940s, health and medical care for most Mauritians were poor.
  • Thousands of cases of malaria, poliomyelitis, and tuberculosis were reported.
  • In the 1960s, the number of diseases declined due to government measures.
  • Other health problems in the 1960s included anaemia among women, malnutrition, digestive disorders, and ear diseases.
  • Malnutrition was so prevalent that milk and vitamins were provided to children.
  • Table 1 shows the decline in malaria cases from 1960 to 1966.

Page 18: Health Services Development

  • A year before independence, there were eight hospitals in Mauritius, including the Civil Hospital in Port Louis and the Candos Hospital at Quatre Bornes.
  • Smaller hospitals were located in Mahébourg, Flacq, Souillac, Moka, Montagne Longue, and Poudre d’ Or.
  • In 1973, the World Health Organisation certified Mauritius as malaria-free.

Page 19: Health Services in Rodrigues

  • Since Rodrigues was granted autonomy in 2002, health services have been under the responsibility of the Commission for Health.
  • There is one major hospital at Crève Coeur.
  • People in other villages receive health services in two Area Health Centres and dispensaries.

Page 20: Rapid Rise in Population

  • The population of Mauritius was approximately 795,000 in 1968, compared to 420,000 in 1944.
  • The population growth resulted from government campaigns against malaria and other diseases, leading to decreased deaths.
  • Better healthcare, medication, and vaccination contributed to a decrease in health problems.
  • Extract from Meade Report (1968): Mauritius is described as a small island dependent on agriculture with limited land and existing population pressure.
  • Continued population increase poses a danger of declining living standards.

Page 21: Topic 2 Introduction: Economic Development since Independence

  • Topic introduces the economic development in Mauritius since independence.
  • Learning Objectives:
    • Describe the economic situation at the time of independence.
    • Understand the factors leading to the ‘Mauritian Miracle’.
    • Identify and explain different stages of economic development since independence.
    • Realize the importance and benefits of a diversified economy.
  • V.S. Naipaul’s 1972 Description: Overcrowded, starving population, plagued by despair.
  • Transformation: From a “hungry, hopeless nation” to one of the most successful countries in Africa.
  • The ‘Mauritian Miracle’ changed politics, economy, and society.
  • Shift from monocrop-based industry to diversified economy.

Page 22: Mauritius in the 1960s: Economic Difficulties

  • In the 1960s, Mauritius was considered underdeveloped and faced economic difficulties.
  • Overdependence on the sugar industry:
    • The sugar industry was the main source of revenue.
    • Profits were invested in development works.
    • The Mauritian sugar industry was affected by:
      • Fluctuating prices in the world market
      • Rising wages of workers
      • Unfavorable climatic conditions
    • These factors negatively impacted the economy.

Page 23: Limited Industries and Imports

  • Very few other industries produced goods or provided jobs.
  • The government imported most goods (food items and other necessities).
  • There were more imports than exports.
  • Much of the revenue obtained from sugar exports went into importing other goods.

Page 24: Development of the Sugar Industry

  • Sugar cane was first introduced by the Dutch in the 17th century.
  • 1694: Sugar was produced for the first time in Mauritius.
  • The French encouraged sugar cane cultivation in the 18th century.
  • Governor Mahé de Labourdonnais established the first sugar estates.
  • Expansion was also facilitated by energy, transport, and labor provided by slaves and later indentured laborers.
  • The sugar industry expanded in the 19th century under Sir Robert Farquhar.
  • Sugar was exported to Britain; more land used for cultivation.
  • More mills were built, and sugar production increased.
  • The number of mills reached its peak in 1858, with 333 sugar mills.
  • Land: Sugar cane fields replaced most native forests.
  • Centralization: With better machines and cost reduction, big sugar mills took over smaller mills, closing the smaller ones.

Page 25: Unemployment

  • Many Mauritians were employed in the sugar industry.
  • However, the sugar industry indirectly led to rising unemployment.
    • Workers were mostly employed during the harvest season.
    • Young men preferred to remain unemployed than undertake manual labor.
    • Mechanization led to job losses.
  • In Rodrigues, people were poorer and depended on fishing.
  • Workers called ‘relief workers’ only able to get work for four days per week.

Page 26: Obstacles to Economic Development

  • Economists believed that the Mauritian economy would not grow due to numerous obstacles.
  • James Meade predicted the economy would collapse due to high population growth and limited prospects in the sugar industry.
  • Obstacles to economic development (1960-1970):
    • Scarcity of natural resources
    • Shortage of management and technical skills
    • Insufficient funds for investment purposes
    • Distance from the foreign market
    • Distance from sources of raw materials
    • Small domestic market
  • To overcome these difficulties, important measures had to be taken:
    • Diversification of the economy
    • Increased engagement in the industrialization process.

Page 27: The Mauritian Miracle

  • After independence, Mauritius gradually managed to grow economically.
  • By the end of the 20th century, it became a middle-income newly industrialized country.
  • Main factors facilitating the ‘Mauritian Miracle’:
    • Favorable human capital
    • Rise in life expectancy
    • Cultural diversity
    • Increase in the participation of women in the labor force
    • Trade openness and a good financial system
    • High investment in health and educational institutions
    • Government intervention to boost the economy

Page 28: Industrialization - Import Substitution Industries

  • An import substitution industrialization (ISI) strategy was adopted in the early 1960s.
  • The government planned to encourage local entrepreneurship, new manufacturing activities to reduce imports, and self-sufficiency.
  • ISI legislation started the industrialization process but did not contribute to the creation of many jobs.

Page 29: Export Processing Zone (EPZ)

  • After independence, the government sought to solve increasing unemployment problems.
  • In 1970, Mauritius set up an Export Processing Zone (E.P.Z) based on the experience of countries like Taiwan and Singapore.
  • Industrialists were encouraged to manufacture goods for export purposes.
  • In the 1980s, the textile industry expanded rapidly.

Page 30: EPZ Incentives and Advantages

  • Factors attracting investors to the EPZ:
    • Government incentives and facilities
    • Economic and Trade Agreements (Yaounde and Lomé)
    • High demand for textiles products
    • Political Stability
    • Complete exemptions from payment of import duties (machinery, spare parts, raw materials)
    • Internal and external communications
    • Establishment of industrial estates
    • Subsidized electricity and water rates.
    • Access to markets of European community
    • Plentiful supply of literate and adaptable labor force at low wages.
    • Provision of infrastructure (roads, electricity, water supplies).
    • Tax exemptions

Page 31: The Production Process in a Factory

  • The production process in a factory involves:
    • Inputs: raw materials, machines, labor, energy, and capital.
    • Manufacturing & Transformation: The workers use the raw materials and machines to manufacture the goods.
    • Outputs: finished goods and waste.
      • Manufacturing industries form part of the secondary sector.
  • Choosing a Place for a Factory:
    • Land, Site, Government, Raw Materials, Power, Labor and Markets are important factors to consider.
    • These are called 'location factors'.

Page 32: Industrial Estates

  • In the 1980s, industrial estates were set up all over the island.
  • Map of Mauritius showing industrial estate locations

Page 33: Expansion of Services and Financial Industries

  • The economy diversified successfully into manufacturing, tourism, financial & banking services, and ICT by the end of the 20th century.
  • The services sector contributes on average 69% of the GDP.
  • The secondary sector contributes 27%.
  • The primary sector contributes 4%.

Page 34: The 'Mauritius Miracle' - Extract from The Guardian

  • An extract from Joseph Stiglitz article on the ‘Mauritius Miracle’ dates to independence.

Page 35: Economic Conditions in Rodrigues Since Independence

  • In Rodrigues, the two major sectors were agriculture and fishing.
  • The 1990s saw the beginning of the tourist sector.
  • In 2001-2002, a new passenger terminal was constructed at the airport, and a new runway has been proposed for larger aircrafts.

Page 36: Agalega Islands

  • Agalega forms part of the Republic of Mauritius.
  • The atoll is situated around 1000 km north of Mauritius and consists of North and South Island.
  • Vingt-Cinq, La Fourche (North Island) and St. Rita (South Island) are the villages.
  • Vingt-Cinq is the administrative center.
  • Population of about 300, largely planted with coconut trees.
  • The most important activity is the production of coconut oil and copra for export.
  • Fishing is the main source of livelihood.
  • Rearing of animals and growing of vegetables are also practiced.
  • Education: Two nurseries, two pre-primary schools, one primary school each island and a lower secondary school.
  • Three community centres, each with access to television and radio.
  • Each island has a health centre under the supervision of nursing officer and mid-wife.
  • Air and sea connection

Page 37: Topic 3 - Constitutional and Political Developments

  • Republic of Mauritius’.
  • Independence and Nation-Building
    • The general elections took place in August 1967.
    • These were fought between the Independence Party’ (Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam) and the Parti Mauricien Social Démocrate’ (PMSD) (Sir Gaëtan Duval).

Page 38: Independence Party vs. PMSD

  • Independence Party consisted of:
    • Mauritius Labour Party (MLP) led by Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam
    • Comité d’ Action Musulman (CAM) led by Sir Abdool Razack Mohamed
    • Independent Forward Bloc (IFB) led by Sookdeo Bissoondoyal
  • The Independence Party wanted complete freedom from Britain.
  • PMSD wanted integration with Britain (remaining attached to Britain).
  • The Independence Party won 39 seats (54.5%) compared to PMSD 23 seats (43.5%) in the 1967.

Page 39: Road to Independence & Nation Building

  • On 22 August 1967, Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam tabled the motion for independence in the Legislative Assembly.
  • On 12 March 1968, Mauritius became an independent country with the British monarch represented by a Governor General.
  • In January 1968, a riot broke out in Port Louis, leading to inter-ethnic clashes, loss of life and property.
  • British troops were called in, and a state of emergency was imposed.
  • Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam prioritized building the nation by uniting all people.
  • He invited Sir Gaëtan Duval of the opposition to join the government to promote nation building and maintain stability.

Page 40: The Plural Society of Mauritius

  • The population of the Republic of Mauritius is around 1.3 million.
  • Mauritius is known as a plural society where various ethnic groups and communities of different cultures, religious and linguistic backgrounds co-exist.

Page 41: The Case of Chagos Archipelago

  • Expulsion of the Chagossians.
  • Hearing on Britain’s separation of Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius’ in the International Court of Justice in Grade 8.
  • In the 18th century, ship to Chagos Archipelago as ‘Oil Islands’ used for coconut oil.
  • After British conquest of Ile de France in 1810. Chagos Archipelago under British rule.
  • By the beginning of the 20th century approximately, 400 Chagossians.
  • Small hospital and school were built, and the population grew to around 1800.
  • Britain excised the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius in 1965 before granting independence to the latter in 1968.
  • Britain negotiations with the United States of America (USA)
  • Britain forcibly removed all Chagossians from Diego Garcia.

Page 42-43: Chronology of Key Historical Events of Chagos & UN Overturn

  • 1793 French settlement in Chagos Archipelago French settlement in Diego Garcia begins, using slave labor on plantations.
  • 1814 Britain takes control Mauritius, along with Chagos Archipelago becomes a British colony.
  • 1965 Excision of Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius Britain separates the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius, before granting independence creating the so-called “British Indian Ocean Territory” (“BIOT”).
  • 1968 Mauritius obtains independence, but cannot effectively exercise its sovereignty over the Chagos Archipelago.
  • Military deal with USA Britain allows the USA to use the military base on Diego Garcia
  • 1971 to 1972 Forced expulsion in Diego Garcia followed by Salomon and Peros Banhos.
  • Most Chagossians are moved to Mauritius,
  • September 2018 Advisory opinion of ICJ International Court of Justice rules that the excision of the Chagos Archipelago from Mauritius.
  • February 2019 Hearings at international Court Legal consequences decision.
  • May 2019 Resolution in UN The United Nations Assembly affirms theChagos Archipelago.

Page 44-45: Picture Analysis of News Report- Diego Garcia

  • The New York Times -22 May 2019 deals defeat on Britain its control over Chagos Archipelago.
  • U.N demands to to surrender island to home of american base to Mauritius.

Page 46-47: Case Study History Of Tromelin and Dependencies

  • The Constitution of the Republic of Mauritius states that “Mauritius” includes the Islands of Mauritius, Rodrigues, Agalega, Tromelin , Cargados Carajos and the Chagos Archipelago.
  • Tromelin is located 580 kilometres north west of Mauritius.
  • Tromelin forms an integral part of the territory of Mauritius.
  • The French discovered Tromelin in 1722 and named it Ile de Sable.
  • Frenchship struck into the reef surrounding the Island of Tromelin.

Page 48-49: 1960s-2000s Key Constitutional amendments- Economic Ranking

  • Legislative assembly to redesignating into Government. Mauritius claimed seas territorials .Ranked 16 out of 167 countries with a democratic score.

Page 50-51 : Unit 2- Overview learning Objectives of the Welfare State

  • Trace welfare state origins in Mauritius.Understand contributions . Driving social changes analysis . Impacting modernisation on mauritian spheres. Understand social measures well being of individuals. Develop skills to manage and maintain societies benefits economically.

Page 52-53 : Welfare state origins- Features of its citizens

  • Protect socio well-being. Give equal importance liberty. People hunger unemployement and bridge gap to a better democratic and economical social welfare.

Page 54-55: Revenue for better revenue state to make effective for machinary state.

  • Revenue in taxation most important to gain. Taxes are mandatory contribution for the various public.

Page 56-57 Welfare System Origins and workers needs.

  • State back 1930s, improve living standars recommendation from workers during that time. Meade reports economic progress that welfare activities can lead to improvements.

Page 58: Welfare Measures in the 1970s and 2000-10

  • The building in that year and vaccination better help provide economic stability. Strong welfare through hospital expansion and free transpirtation all students.

Page 59-60 Better education welfare facilities help others better live in better standards of education and quality.

  • Free state implementation well and society has a more creative output. There should be programs and help improve people live. Families will have better life and measure to to take for the new generations.

Page 61-62 Social Change introduction: Industrialisation

  • Economic progress in lifestyle has improved.Access variety of Services Better life expectancy new comms more educational opportunity.

Page 63-64 Societal changes on forces driving in society

  • Influence social movements for common goals . changing in climate for people lifestyle and technological innovation where you play travel work learn meet.

Page 65 Family status changing: nuclear and single

  • Tradition families live together. Structure has family with less members the average size has decreased.

Page 66-67 Function of Social Functions

  • Emotional support personal development reproduce economic produce new labor bought for economic help. Learn to behave and perform. Norms to follow in the society and values family provides.
Page 69-70 gender Equality Industrial
  • Both men and women have a right vote. Girls receive similar and same educations.Men and women have job Opportunity for growth to provide.

Page 71 Social and Life expectancy standards

  • Family time in cinemas a relaxing moment enjoy good condition and more leisure.

Page 72 The modern new world era

  • Mobile tv refrigerators modern forms more luxury to improve lives.

Page 73 Education on Social Classes

  • Education high priority and focus to implement. The goal to strive and specialise in education and meet requirement in lives.

Page 74 -77 :Media impact on Social Change

  • Essential form of opinion and education media for the population. Various from radio social comms magazines for all. Printing and various platform to advertise and use for leisure time.

Page 78 :Technological Media Impact

  • Complex means of communication for technology. Print , electronic media mass media communication to gain information.

Page 79 -87 Mauritus and links to others

  • The people that moved and came into our countries were our ancestors of India china African to work in labor . Trade relations in Africa .China supported economic progress and development today.

Page 89 Commonwealth , Southern Africa help gain relationships in countries with peace tourism and environment. . Member promote peaceful situations.

*UNited NAitons and associations to support culture and support better conditions.

Page 90:Population Dynamics & Trends

  • Definition: The number of people who live in an area.
  • The study of populations is called demography.
  • Key Measures: Population size, distribution, and density.
  • Population distribution: How people are spread over.
  • population Density: # of people per unit. and area size.
  • Demographic: is the study and how population change over time.
  • Basic is to know # of people live and change to help for future planning or sustainability.
  • To create plan policies and actions or developments for a successful future of the country and economic
  • Population census provides information about data and education census about household.

Page 91 : Population Island Data and Analysis

  • Island populations are: Data of analysis and info and statistical area provided about island.
  • Population data with gender male and female.
  • Islands data include land area of km per total.
  • Analysis based on graph and charts given to better understand what the area is and land form . Most are density populated.

Page 92:Population Factors Analysis

  • Reason to live and attract to better live. Physical human where adequate and resources are and basic living needs. Also help factor attract for travel to access services and living needs.

Page 93-95 population Rates over time .

  • natural disasters over time cause change and demographics based on transition of demographic model. Cause changes based on natural and numbers . Increase decrease over numbers.

Page 96-97 Population birth Rates data.

  • High rate with low increase because lack of control and epidemic cycles. Birth with increases life and care increase and no proper control create explosions time increase population numbers.

Page 98-Population : control and equality.

  • Rate increases for women to give educate quality smaller studies focus.
    *Population structural based on data of chart .
  • pyramid chart to show what age the youth group are and economy increase.

Page 99 Migration impact society and travels

  • Internal travels travels towns cities job opportunities or to ghost villages for india in Mumbia a million to settle .
  • International more or leave a country or travel.

Page 100:Cause migration.

  • War poverty no choices is called Involuntary migration.
  • Mauritians travels a lot to many countries.
    *Immigrant: the term used when new people come from other to your country..
  • Emigrant: the person who leave Mauritius.
  • Since independence many Mauritians settle around the world.
  • The top settle are.UK france Australia Canada Italy.
    *Diaspora people around with cultural travels people.

Page 101 :push and Pull Factors

  • Travel for short time for short terms to gain more success for economical reasons.
  • long travel or settle to long earn money create a better lifestyle.

Page 103-105 sustainable Future. and better life quality

  • to provide a stable form where future and needs can be met and not comprise future skills. To be oriented to have quality with education and welfare and not for the planet to be destroyed to create stable planet to survive. Create quality education to critically and economically increase and sustainability.