Chapter 6
1. activation energy energy necessary for reactions to occur.
2. active site enzyme's specific region to which the substrate binds
3. allosteric inhibition inhibition by a binding event at a site different from the active site, which induces a conformational change and reduces the enzyme's affinity for its substrate (a method of noncompetitive inhibition)
4. anabolic (also, anabolism) pathways that require an energy input to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones.
5. ATP adenosine triphosphate, the cell’s energy currency
6. bioenergetics study of energy flowing through living systems
7. catabolic (also, catabolism) pathways in which complex molecules break down into simpler ones
8. chemical energy potential energy in chemical bonds that releases when those bonds are broken
9. coenzyme small organic molecule, such as a vitamin or its derivative, which is required to enhance an enzyme's activity.
10. cofactor inorganic ion, such as iron and magnesium ions, required for optimal enzyme activity regulation.
11. competitive inhibition type of inhibition in which the inhibitor competes with the substrate molecule by binding to the enzyme's active site.
12. denature process that changes a substance’s natural properties.
13. endergonic describes chemical reactions that require energy input.
14. enthalpy a system's total energy
15. entropy (S) measure of randomness or disorder within a system
16. exergonic describes chemical reactions that release free energy.
17. feedback inhibition a product's effect of a reaction sequence to decrease its further production by inhibiting the first enzyme's activity in the pathway that produces it
18. free energy Gibbs free energy is the usable energy, or energy that is available to do work.
19. heat energy transferred from one system to another that is not work (energy of the molecules' motion or particles)
20. heat energy total bond energy of reactants or products in a chemical reaction.
21. induced fit dynamic fit between the enzyme and its substrate, in which both components modify their structures to allow for ideal binding.
22. kinetic energy energy type that takes place with objects or particles in motion
23. metabolism all the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including anabolism and catabolism.
24. potential energy energy type that has the potential to do work, stored energy.
25. substrate molecule on which the enzyme acts
26. thermodynamics study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter
27. transition state high-energy, unstable state (an intermediate form between the substrate and the product occurring during a chemical reaction