Comprehensive Study Guide to the Civil Rights Era and the Chicano Movement

Communism and Civil Rights in the Cold War Era

• The McCarran Internal Security Act (1950): Established the Subversive Activities Control Board (SACB) to investigate individuals and organizations suspected of engaging in subversive activities related to communism.
• Langston Hughes: Associated with the League of Struggle for Negro Rights and the American Peace Mobilization.
• W.E.B. Du Bois: Involved with the Peace Information Center (PIC) and the Council on African Affairs (CAA). He was noted alongside Walter White in the context of civil rights organizational shifts.
• Paul Robeson: A prominent activist involved in the American Crusade Against Lynching and the Council on African Affairs (CAA).

The Legal Foundation for Desegregation

• Jim Crow Laws: Established the legal framework for the "Separate-but-Equal" doctrine which mandated racial segregation through the south.
• Sweatt v. Painter (1950):     * Plaintiffs/Defendants: Herman Marion Sweatt vs. Theophilus Painter.     * Legal Counsel: Thurgood Marshall represented Sweatt in his pursuit of admission to the University of Texas Law School.
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954):     * The Supreme Court: Decided by The Warren Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren.     * Organizational Role: The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) spearheaded the legal challenge.     * Key Legal Minds: Thurgood Marshall and Charles Hamilton Houston were central figures in the litigation.

Elite African American Resistance and Intellectual Leadership

• W.E.B. Du Bois:     * Academic Credentials: Graduated Harvard College in $1895$ and was the first African American to receive a PhD from Harvard.     * Founding Role: A leader of the Niagara Movement and a Co-founder of the NAACP.     * Publication: Editor of "The Crisis" from $1910$ to $1934$.
• Zora Neale Hurston:     * Education: Attended Columbia University.     * Cultural Movement: Leading figure of the Harlem Renaissance.     * Works: Author of "Their Eyes Were Watching God".     * Media Adaptations: 2003 television production presented by Oprah Winfrey, starring Halle Berry, written for television by Suzan-Lori Parks, Misan Sagay, and Bobby Smith, Jr., and directed by Darnell Martin.

Aggressive Resistance and Black Nationalism

• Malcolm X:     * Affiliation: Nation of Islam (NOI).     * Philosophy: Emphasized the distinction between Separation (voluntary communal independence) and Segregation (forced social stratification).     * Quote: "A man who stands for nothing will fall for anything."
• Black Panther Party: Led by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.
• Stokely Carmichael: Associated with the rise of the "Black Power" movement within the SNCC and beyond.

Impact on African-American Educators

• Teacher Displacement: Following the implementation of desegregation post-Brown v. Board, there was a significant loss of African-American educators.
• Timeline of Loss:     * Major losses occurred between $1954$ and $1964$.     * Additional professional losses were recorded from $1975$ to $1985$.

Non-Violent Civil Disobedience and Local Movements

• Montgomery Bus Boycott:     * Duration: December $1955$ to December $1956$.     * Key Figure: Rosa Parks.     * Organization: Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC).     * Leadership: Martin Luther King, Jr.     * Legal Ruling: Browder vs. Gayle ($1956$).
• The Greensboro & Nashville Sit-ins (1960):     * Key Organizers: James Lawson, John Lewis, Diane Nash, and Ella Baker.
• Freedom Riders (1961):     * Organizations: Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) and Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC).     * Legal Basis: Boynton v. Virginia ($1960$).     * Key Participants: John Lewis, Diane Nash, Ella Baker, and Stokely Carmichael.

Comprehensive Freedom Ride Routes (April - December 1961)

• Little Freedom Ride: Commenced April $22$.
• Original CORE Freedom Ride: May $4$ to May $17$.
• Nashville Movement Freedom Ride: May $17$ to May $21$.
• Mississippi Freedom Rides: May $24$ to August.
• Connecticut Freedom Ride: May $24$ to May $25$.
• Interfaith Freedom Ride: June $13$ to June $16$.
• Organized Labor/Professional Freedom Ride: June $13$ to June $16$.
• Missouri to Louisiana CORE Freedom Ride: July $8$ to July $15$.
• New Jersey to Arkansas CORE Freedom Ride: July $13$ to July $24$.
• Los Angeles to Houston Freedom Ride: August $9$ to August $11$.
• Monroe Freedom Ride: August.
• Prayer Pilgrimage Freedom Ride: September.
• Albany Freedom Rides: November to December.
• McComb Freedom Rides: November to December.
• Route 40 Campaign: November to December.

Formal Southern White Resistance and National Intervention

• Little Rock Nine (1957): Resistance to desegregation of Little Rock Central High School.     * Key Figures: Organizer Daisy Bates, Governor Orval Faubus (resistance), and President Dwight D. Eisenhower (intervention).
• Stand in the Schoolhouse Door (1963):     * Resistance: Alabama Governor George Wallace attempted to block integration.     * Integration Students: Vivian Malone and James Hood.

Major Civil Rights Milestones (1963-1965)

• Great March on Washington: Held August $28, 1963$. Organized by A. Philip Randolph and featuring Martin Luther King, Jr.
• Freedom Summer (1964): Organized by Bob Moses of the SNCC. Marred by the murders of James Chaney, Michael Schwerner, and Andrew Goodman.
• Legislative Wins:     * Civil Rights Act of $1964$.     * The $24th$ Amendment ($1964$).     * Voting Rights Act ($1965$).
• Selma to Montgomery Marches (1965):     * Bloody Sunday: March $7, 1965$.     * Turnaround Tuesday: March $9, 1965$.     * March Route: Highway $80$ through Dallas, Lowndes, and Montgomery Counties.

The Plan de San Diego (1915)

• Uprising and Objectives: Planned for February $20, 1915$ at $2:00$. Goal to proclaim liberty of blacks from "Yankee tyranny" and reclaim independence of Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and California.
• The Army: The "Liberating Army for Races & Peoples" under a red and white banner inscribed with "Equality & Independence".
• Military Protocols: Commanders assigned specific cities; weapons and funds to be amassed upon capture. Municipal authorities were to be appointed in captured capitals.
• Rules of Engagement:     * No prisoners allowed; individuals must be shot immediately regardless of loan demands.     * Summary execution for armed foreigners without right-to-carry proof.     * Executions: Every North American male over $16$ years of age to be put to death; aged men, women, and children to be respected.
• Alliances: Apache and other Indian tribes to have lands returned for assisting the cause. No aid to be accepted from the Government of Mexico.
• New Republics: Independent Republic to be formed from the $5$ southwestern states. Blacks were to be aided in forming their own republic from $6$ additional states bordering the original zone.
• Race Restrictions: No foreigners enrolled in ranks unless of Latin, Black, or Japanese race.

Mexican-American Civil Rights and Labor Movements

• LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens - 1929): Focused on immigration and legal advocacy. Key figures: José Tomás (JT) Canales, Alonso Perales, and M.C. Gonzales.
• UCAPAWA (United Cannery, Agricultural, Packing, and Allied Workers of America - 1937): Led by Luisa Moreno.
• Pecan Shellers’ Strike (1938): Led by Emma Tenayuca and the Workers’ Alliance of America.
• American GI Forum (1948): Founded by Héctor P. García to assist veterans including Felix Longoria.
• Legal Benchmarks:     * Del Río ISD v. Salvatierra ($1930$).     * Mendez v. Westminster ($1947$).     * Hernández v. Texas ($1954$): Case for Pete Hernández involving LULAC and American GI Forum leaders Hector Garcia, George Sanchez, and Gus Garcia.

The Chicano Movement and Political Activism

• Fred Ross, Sr., César Chávez, and Dolores Huerta: Founders of the United Farm Workers ($1962$).
• Crusade for Justice (1966): Founded by Rodolfo "Corky" Gonzales.
• MAYO (Mexican American Youth Organization - 1967): Involved in the Crystal City Walkout ($1969$). Key members: Willie Velázquez, José Angel Gutiérrez, Mario Compeán.
• MEChA (Movimiento Estudiantil Chicanx de Aztlán - 1969): Born from the East L.A. Walkouts (March $1968$).
• La Raza Unida Party (1970-1978): Political party featuring leadership from Ramsey Muñiz.
• MALDEF (Mexican American Legal Defense & Educational Fund - 1968): Involved in White v. Regester ($1973$).

Mexican Teacher-Student Discrepancy Statistics (1972-73)

• Worth Heights Elem.: $608$ Mexican Students ($84\%$) vs. $4$ Mexican Teachers ($15\%$).
• North Side High: $409$ Mexican Students ($31\%$) vs. $2$ Mexican Teachers ($4\%$).
• Trimble Tech High: $627$ Mexican Students ($34\%$) vs. $1$ Mexican Teacher ($1\%$).
• Elder Middle: $572$ Mexican Students ($43\%$) vs. $4$ Mexican Teachers ($7\%$).
• Zero-Representation Schools (Students % / Teachers %): Stephen F. Austin Elem. ($31/0$), DeZavala Elem. ($30/0$), Diamond Hill Elem. ($40/0$), South Fort Worth Elem. ($27/0$), M.H. Moore Elem. ($33/0$), Daggett Middle ($20/0$).
• Counter-Discrepancy Examples: R. Vickery Elem. ($0\%$ students, $12\%$ teachers), Morningside Middle ($0\%$ students, $4\%$ teachers).