thirty years war

The Thirty Years' War

• Initiated by Ferdinand II.

• Main Cause: Desire for religious uniformity in the German states.

  • Ferdinand wanted everyone to be Catholic.

  • Presence of other religious groups:

  • Lutherans.

  • Calvinists.

• War began for religious reasons but did not conclude with them.

Queen Mary and Religious Toleration

• Queen Mary ruled for approximately five years.

• On her deathbed, she meets with her half-sister, Elizabeth.

• Mary offers the crown to Elizabeth under two conditions:

  • Elizabeth pays off Mary's debts.

  • Catholics are allowed to remain in England.

• Elizabeth honors Mary's wishes, signifying her belief in religious toleration.

  • Publicly refrains from showing favoritism toward any one religion due to the controversial religious climate.

  • Maintains a personal Christian faith, praying privately.

The Spanish Armada

• Significant event during Elizabeth's reign.

• Year of conflict: 1588.

• Definition: "Armada" refers to a fleet of ships.

• Spain was expected to have superior naval power but suffered defeat to England.

• Consequences of the victory:

  • Strengthened England's national pride and position in Europe.

  • Diminished Spain's power significantly.

Colonization and Trade

• Colonies are crucial for economic and territorial expansion.

  • Provide access to raw materials such as corn and potatoes.

  • Create routes for trade with Asia, particularly for spices.

  • Allow for territorial claims, contributing to national glory.

• Virginia Colony named in honor of Queen Elizabeth, known as the "Virgin Queen" due to her unmarried status and lack of heirs.

Queen Elizabeth's Rise

• Elizabeth pushed England towards greater power and stability.

• Highly educated: fluent in multiple languages, politically savvy, skilled in arts.

• Last monarch of the Tudor dynasty; her death leaves the throne to the Catholic Stuart family from Scotland.

Mary, Queen of Scots

• Mary Queen of Scots was Elizabeth's cousin.

• Heavily involved in plots targeting Elizabeth's throne.

• Elizabeth had Mary imprisoned and eventually executed due to treason.

  • Mary’s son, James I, claimed the throne after Elizabeth’s death.

Elizabeth's Background and Education

• Born to Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn; faced legitimacy challenges from Catholics.

• Her education was sponsored by supportive figures like her governess and stepmother.

  • Demonstrated talents in various disciplines, preparing her for future leadership.

• The execution of family members deeply influenced her trust and personal decisions.

Elizabeth's Reign and Political Choices

• Ascended to the throne in 1558 as a Protestant ruler amid a Catholic backlash.

• Experienced tensions with Spain due to religion and political maneuvers.

• Engaged in strategic naval battles led by figures such as Francis Drake, resulting in improved English maritime power.

Cultural Impact and Arts

• Strong supporter of the arts; favored playwright William Shakespeare, but retained a level of privacy regarding public appearances.

• Invested in theater and encouraged performances at court.

• Known for her elaborate fashion choices and iconic makeup style, influenced by health issues (smallpox).

Legacy and Death

• Reigned for approximately 44 years.

• Died surrounded by her ladies in waiting on March 3.

• Buried in Westminster Abbey, representing her enduring legacy in English history.

• Transition of power to James I marked a significant shift in leadership due to his Catholic background.

Impact of English Civil War
- a massive number of deaths
- 4.5 million of the population was lost due to diseases and the war.
Bloody Mary was married to Philip, a Habsburg in Spain. 
Pushing out jews and muslims, who were the middle-class laborers working and making money for the economy. 
neglected farmers, goverment did not help causing the farmers to close down and be bankcrupt. 
After phillippe the 2nd died there was no strong leaders after him. Spain declines.