Pre-Colonial Vernacular Architecture Notes

Pre-Colonial Vernacular Architecture

• Pre-Colonial: Occurring or existing prior to a colonial period.

• Vernacular: Using a native language or dialect rather than a literary, cultured, or foreign language.

• Definition: Building done outside academic tradition, without professional guidance.

• Nature: Not a particular architectural movement or style, but a broad category encompassing a wide range of building types and construction methods.

• Global Significance: Vernacular architecture constitutes approximately 95% of the world's built environment (as of 1995, Amos Rapoport).

• Characteristics:

  • Serves immediate, local needs.

  • Constrained by locally available materials.

  • Reflects local traditions and cultural practices.

• Study Focus: Design skills and traditions of local builders, typically without formal attribution.

• Contemporary Relevance: Examined by designers and the building industry for energy-conscious and sustainable design.

Principal Features

• Builders: Non-professionals, often the owners/users.

• Materials: Use of natural materials abundant in the locality.

• Construction: Intuitive thinking involved in the construction process.

• Symbolism: Association of symbolism and meaning in design.

• Specificity: Patterns and styles are specific to an ethnic domain.

Barangays / Communities / Villages

• Location: Near bodies of water and agricultural environments because:

  • Early Filipinos lived along coasts or rivers.

  • Food primarily from water and land animals.

  • Religious activities and festivals.

  • Fishing yields more than hunting.

  • Hunting more of a game than occupation.

  • Water as a good means of travel.

  • Major source of bathing, washing, and drinking.

• Communal Relocation: Common practice.

Typical Layout

• Chieftain's House: Located at the center, large enough for gatherings and ceremonies.

• Other Houses: Gathered around the chieftain’s house.

Domestic Structures

• Ethnic Houses:

  • Not built permanently.

  • Made of flexible and light materials.

  • Light and airy.

• Archetypal Tropical Characteristics:

  • Elevated living floor.

  • Buoyant rectangular volume.

  • Raised pile foundation.

  • Voluminous thatched roof.

Balai

• Definition: Pure Southeast Asian type of domestic architecture.

• Location: Found in non-Hispanized and non-European communities in the Philippines.

• Significance: Origin of Philippine traditional architecture.

• Manifestation: Archetypal tropical characteristics.

• Common Features:

  • Floor Plan: Square, rectangular, or octagonal.

  • Elevation: Elevated from the ground to:

    • Avoid dampness during the rainy season.

    • Minimize heat from the ground during warm seasons.

    • Protection from insects, vermin, animals, and floods.

  • Structural Components: Wood posts and beams (some with symbolic purpose).

  • Toilets: Separate structures a few meters away from the house.

  • Roof: Most dominant architectural feature, hipped, gabled, or pyramidal form with:

    • Wood/bamboo framing.

    • Design influenced by environment/practical reasons.

    • Examples:

      • Ifugao: Contextualizes the physical heights of the Cordillera mountains.

      • Isneg: Boat builders; roof form resembles an inverted boat.

Luzon Regional House Types

Ivatan Stone/Thatch House, Batanes

• Purpose: Meter-thick limestone walls protect against the harsh Batanes environment, known as a terminal passage of typhoons.

• Kavahayan: Village/housing section of a Batanes town/community.

Sinadumparan

• Bungalow Stone house

• Walls: Stone and mortar with white lime plaster; wood framework inside.

• Orientation: Built parallel to the road.

• Roof: Thick thatch gable roof.

• Windows: Only on the southern and western sides due to strong winds.

Maytuab/Nituavan

• Another variation of the Sinadumparan house with a thick hip-type thatch roofing.

Rakuh

• 2-storey stone house

Other Types of Ivatan Thatch Houses

Jin Jin Thatch House

• Timber-framed structure using reeds and cogon materials for walls and roof.

Mayhurahed

• Thick cogon roof; the lower portion is masonry, and the upper portion is constructed using cogon grass securely tied to the wall studs.

Chivuvuhung

• Three sides made from cogon grass securely tied to wall studs; the remaining wall is erected out of stone masonry. Thick cogon grass roof in gable design.

Kamadid

• Wooden lower portion, cogon grass upper portion, hip cogon roof.

Rahaung

• Working area and storage for fishing equipment; no walls, exposed posts, and gable roof.

Ivatan House - Structural Elements

• pakaw, rafter: $4"x4"$ parallel wood beams attached to the ridge and the roof beams to support the thick and heavy cogon grass roof.

• sakong, ridge cover: A thick bundle of cogon laid to cover the ridge of the roof.

• vuvong, lower ridge cover: The lower portion of the ridge cover that is tightly pressed by the top layer of yayis or battens.

• supit, reed mat tie: A rattan strip parallel to the rafters laid above and tied to the reed mat.

• pangañivucan, roof beam: A long piece of heavy $6"x6"$ square timber resting above the longer wall of the house to support the roof's rafters.

• tukah, tie beam: A $4"x6"$ piece of timber with both ends connected by lap joints to the roof beams to keep them from spreading.

• paninjinan, wall stud: A $4"$ diameter piece of log vertically laid in parallel with the post to support the lightweight cogon wall. Its lower end is buried about $24"$ underground and the upper end is fastened to the roof beam.

• parey, corner post: A vertical piece of log, about $7"$ in diameter, situated at the corner of the house and buried at least $1.00$ m deep to hold up the roof beams.

• pasunen, king post: A vertical piece of log, about $12"$ in diameter, situated at the center of the shorter wall of the house to bear the ridge beam of the roof.

• sapawan, ridge beam: A $4"x4"$ wood beam at the ridge of the roof to support the upper ends of the rafters.

• jinjin, cogon wall: Cogon grass wall securely tied to the wall studs.

Cordillera Region

Mountain Province

• North Strain:

  • Rectangular plan.

  • High gabled roof.

  • Roof and floor are supported by separate sets of upright supports independent of one another (floor can be removed and the roof will still stand).

• South Strain:

  • Square plan.

  • Conical/pyramidal roof.

  • Roof directly rests on the walls.

Apayao

• Only region with a navigable river.

Isneg / Binuron

• Elevated, rectangular, one-room structure.

• High-pitch thatch roof that resembles a pointed barrel vault (suggests inverted boat hull).

• Removable wall panels for different seasons/occasions.

• Removable and washable floor mats placed above a closely-spaced wood floor that allows natural ventilation through its floor.

Apayao,Cordillera - Structural components

• atap, roof: High-pointed arch-shaped roof with layers of thick cogon grass or nipa leaves.

• dindin, wallboards: Rectangular wooden panels vertically fitted on a groove of the wall sill and girt to enclosed upper floor space. Wallboards can be removed if the house owner prefers to have an opening, as window, for natural ventilation.

• bobong, roof ridge: Layers of thick cogon grass meticulously laid above the ridge to cover the space created along the ridge after the cogon roof was installed.

• sakkar, tie beam: A camber-shaped rectangular beam that holds the roof beam on its ends to keep the roof beam in place.

• ribayan, eaves: The lower end of the thick cogon roof projecting beyond the wallboards.

• tapi, floor beam: A horizontal timber member attached above the floor joist and the outer post to provide support for the raised section of the floor.

• lawang, drain gutter: A shallow drain canal, located just below the roof eaves, and constructed along the perimeter of the house to capture and redirect rainwater.

• talaxatag, wood floor: A fixed wooden floor attached to the floor joist with spacing almost twice its size.

• toldog, floor joist: A hand-hewn rectangular lumber with cove ends laid above the posts to hold the flooring.

• sidung/linung, basement: The unusable space below the house primarily intended to keep the house from dampness and humidity of the ground.

• anadixiyan, girder: A rectangular member connecting posts and supporting floor beams.

• Datag / Xassaran: Lowest level

• Tamuyon: raided platform on three sides

• rarat, roof undersheating: An undersheating for the roof made from closely-knit dried reed grass which forms a mat.

• tabungan, gable opening: An opening above the upper-end of the gable wall used as smoke exhaust.

• dapug, hearth: The earthen hearth of the house located inside the bamboo extension and attached to the main house. The hearth has three stones called "taxang" for cooking and is originally inside the traditional wooden house.

  • pasalan: where woods for fuel are stored, occasionally used to store meat of a wild boar.

  • paxa used for storing bundles of rice that have to be dried before pounding.

  • Paratag used for storing rice, basket, etc.

• soba, breadth of the house: The overall width of the main house.

• sotan/lamdaw, window: A portion along the exterior wall where wallboards can be removed to have an opening for windows.

• banga, cooking jar: Earthen pot used for cooking.

• amoto, jar for holding water: Earthen jar used for storing water for cooking, washing and drinking purposes.

• arangat, shelf: The shelf above the dishwashing area used for storing plates, bowls, etc.

• padurot, length of the house: The overall length of the house which includes both the wooden main house and the kitchen extension made from light (bamboo) materials.

• gawayan, interior of house: The spacious hall of the main house, without partitions and with portion of floor adjoining wall raised to about $4"$ which can function as a seat or any related use.

• agdan, ladder: The wooden or bamboo ladder used both at the main house and the kitchen extension.

• balatad, pathwalk: Stone pavers laid over muddy ground serving as a pathwalk from one house to another, or from one settlement to another.

• irat, binding rafter: A horizontal roof member made from wooden branches, tied under the rafter to prevent them from moving.

• sokar, collar beam: A three-layer wooden branch, placed below the binding rafter which serves to tie and unite the two opposing bent rafters.

• talabawan, ridge beam: A horizontal member at the apex of the roof, made from wood branches and used to support the roof of the house.

• patuna/pantud, king post: A hand-hewn lumber, vertically fitted on its ends with mortise joints to the tie and collar beams, used to provide additional support to the heavy roof.

• tadawag/baday, rafter: A thin, pliable board, hand-hewn into bent form, tied to the ridge beam at the apex of the roof and the roof beam above the wall to support the thick cogon grass roof.

• adixi, outer post: A square hand-hewn timber post, approximately twice the length of the inner post, which supports the heavy roofing framework and its thick cogon grass roof.

• sinit, inner post: A square hand-hewn timber post supporting the elevated floor space.

• datag/xassaran, flooring (bamboo/rattan mat): A flooring made from closely-knit bamboo strips or dried reed mat which can be removed and washed along rivers.

• ampakan, roof beam: A rectangular beam connecting the outer columns that support the roof's structural framework.

• agnadan, wall sill: A horizontal wooden member placed above floor beams and grooved to hold the enclosing wallboards.

• axeran, girt: A rectangular horizontal wooden member along the perimeter of the house supporting the closing wallboards and the upper roofing frameworks.

Bontoc, Cordillera

• Traditional house consists of perimeter wooden walls enclosing an open living space, and central granaries.

• Covered by a steep, thick roof that nearly covers the perimeter wall.

• The roof is conical and steep, usually made of thatch for protection against heavy rain.

• FAYU Affluent house

• KATYUFONG Dwelling for the poor

• KOL-LOB Dwelling for widows, unmarried old women

• AFUNG married couples and children up to eight years old built directly on the ground ground space serving as the main living and working areas.

• Babarey village settlement area in a Bontoc community.

• Agamang /akhamang upper granary level Afong - family residence

• Ato/ator council house, men's meeting place Dorm for young and unmarried male

• Pabafunan boy's dormitory

• Ulog/olog - female dormitory

• pangis girl's dormitory Falig Grainary storage Cha la nan Ground floor

• The steep roof, made from cogon grass that grows abundantly near the village, extends beyond the walls and much lower than a standing Bondoc man.

• The roof and the granary are both supported by independent wooden posts and function distinctively: the covered roof space as the main house, and the elevated central granary for storing rice grains.

• falig, granary: An elevated one-room structure supported by four hand-hewn wooden posts and enclosed by wooden plank walls. It is used as space for storing rice grains.

• li-im, eating area: The most spacious space in the house is the eating area.. since it contains only an elevated stick rack (patyay) suspended on the wall, and the water jar (panannom) in one corner.

  • patyay are the following (rattan plates) palato (enamel plates) ungot (coconut shells or wooden bowls) tasa (enamel cups) mallakong (enamel bowls) fanilag (rattan trays) fanga (pots)

• soklut, cooking area: The area, at the left corner of the house, is intended for cooking and as fireplace for the adjoining sleeping area.

• tap-an, pounding area: The section of the house with stone pavement and a pounding hole where the task of pounding rice is done.

• ang-an, sleeping area: The area utilized for sleeping with atag (reed mat) as bed for the couple and children up to eight years old.

• atep, roof: A steep, thick cogon roof protecting the central granary and the living space below the granary.

• fogsor, rafter: Long wooden branches, tied to the roof beam above the wall and to the ridge beam at the apex of the roof. It is used to support the reed mat undersheating and thick cogon roof

• oway, roof undersheating: Closely-knit reeds, parallel to the ridge beam, as brace for the cogon grass roof.

• kaew, floorboard: Thick, hand-hewn wooden planks as floor panels of the granary.

• tokod, post: A heavy square or circular member as support for both. granary and roof structures.

• tey-tey, ladder: A wooden ladder, made from branches of trees, intended for accessing the central granary.

• chingching, wallboard: Hand-hewn wooden planks, laid horizontally above every panel, used to serve as the primary wall protection of the ground living space.

Ifugao - Cordillera

• Fale / bale / mayoyao / kiangan:

  • Affluent dwelling.

  • Womb house - Enclosed.

  • Elevated square plan.

  • Windowless.

  • One-room.

  • Dominated by a high, heavy, pyramidal thatch slope roof.

  • Roof - contextualizes the physical heights of the Cordillera mountain.

  • Support system: four post, 2 girders, 3 joists and beam.

  • Tree trunks as columns.

  • Steep removable ladder.

  • Framework is done using hand-hewn timber, mortised without nails or hardware.

  • It can be disassembled, moved, and raised again on a new site within a day.

  • HALIPAN - round disk, rat guard

• Abong - dwelling for the poor directly on the ground

• hagabi, bench: A bench that provides status symbol for the rich Ifugao due to the cost of its construction and the ceremonies involved.

• atop, roof: The steep pyramidal roof from thick bundled cogon grass (golun) used to provide shade from the sun and shield the torrential rains.

• gaob, wallboard: Rectangular wooden planks of about $1 \frac{1}{2}$ inches thick with varying widths and heights vertically fitted at an angle on grooved floor beams, joists & wall headers.

• tukud, post: Made of large round logs, 8-12 inches wide by 6-10 feet in length and buried about 2-3 feet below the ground and secured in with stone boulders around. Parts of trees with truncated roots are also used as posts and placed above stone boulders.

• The roof and the floor of a bale/fale house are never supported by the same posts.

• palan, attic: The third level space of an Ifugao house with reed mat flooring and used as storage area for rice grains.

• patyie, shelf: A shelf formed by fitting rectangular wood boards from the wall header to the roof.

• nundatu, male side: The spacious section inside the house intended for the male head of the family.

• halipan, cylindrical disk: A wooden disk of about 2-14 inches thick and 36-40 inches in diameter, placed along the upper portion of the post to prevent rats from entering the house.

• silong, basement: The space underneath the main house with stone pavement aligned with the edge of the roof eaves.

• punchapalan, fireplace: An earthen fireplace about 3-5 square feet with layers of open shelf used for drying firewood and stacks of rice and preserving other food.

• na-ulya, female side: The space inside an Ifugao house intended for the wife. It has a much smaller space due to the presence of the fireplace (punchapalan).

• panto, door: A detachable wooden panel door tied to a girt and locked in place by a wooden bar.

• teteh, ladder: A wooden or bamboo ladder which can be removed and hanged on the wall for security and protection.

• wanan, purlins: A horizontal member of a roof made from split bamboo and rono sticks laid out across the rafters and tied by rattan vines.

• ambubulan, square box: A wooden square frame box attached to a king post used to carry the upper end of the rafters thus making the apex pyramidal.

• taknang, king post: The vertical wooden member where the square box supporting the pyramidal roof is attached.

• pumpitolan, central beam: A long piece of heavy squared timber centrally located to reinforce the attic floor space and the roof's king post.

• bagat, upper column: An upper wood column mortised at the base of the floor beams and enclosed by a girt above.

• bughol, rafter: Long, round tree trunks or chopped flat boards tied to ambubulan (square box) and liub (girt) to support a roof.

• dotal, floor board: Rectangular wooden planks of about 2 inches thick, 12-30 inches in width and 7 feet 7 inches in length which are horizontally laid above floor joists as boards in a floor.

• liub, girt: A horizontal timber resting above the upper columns to support the rafters of the roof and the central cross beam.

• huklub, transverse beam: A chest level transverse wooden beam where wallboards are rabbeted.

• gawaan, central floor joist: An inverted wooden tee beam that supports the floorboards.

• mundilig, outer end floor joist: Side-end floor beams above the girder with right angle grooves to receive the floorboards.

• kuling, girder: A wood transverse girder, 12-14 inches thick, 14-16 inches in depth and 12-14 feet long, with a flat top surface and a rounded base. This member holds the posts and holds up the floor beams and central floor joist.

• pognad, stone foundation: Huge stones that serve as foundation of the house as well as protection from the ground termites and moisture.

Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras (UNESCO 1995)

• Outstanding example of an evolved, living cultural landscape dating back two millennia in the pre-colonial Philippines.

• Located in remote areas of the Philippine Cordillera mountain range on the northern island of Luzon.

• The inscribed property consists of five clusters of intact and impressive terraces in four municipalities.

• Product of the Ifugao ethnic group.

• Five inscribed clusters:

  • (i) Nagacadan terrace cluster in the municipality of Kiangan: A rice terrace cluster manifested in two distinct ascending rows of terraces bisected by a river.

  • (ii) Hungduan terrace cluster: Uniquely emerges into a spider web.

  • (iii) Central Mayoyao terrace cluster: Characterized by terraces interspersed with traditional farmers’ bale (houses) and alang (granaries).

  • (iv) Bangaan terrace cluster in the municipality of Banaue: Backdrops a typical Ifugao traditional village.

  • (v) Batad terrace cluster of the municipality of Banaue: Nestled in amphitheatre-like semi-circular terraces with a village at its base.

• Bable, village: The settlement of an Ifugao community, usually comprised of house (bale/fale) and granary, built in an area that cannot be irrigated and not following a regular pattern or straight line.

• bale/fale, house: A single-room structure that serves as living quarters of an Ifugao family.

• alang, granary: A building intended primarily as storehouse for harvested rice grains.
  
  
  IFUGAO RICE TERRACES, ZONING

• inalahan, public forest: A forest that serves as hunting ground and source of wood for construction.

• betel palm An endemic pinnate-leaved palm (Areca catechu) with nut used both for medicinal and chewing purposes.

• hinaob, forest adopted by terrace communities: The forest adopted and protected by the people owning the rice field terraces as it is the source of water for the rice field.

• uma/kaingin, swidden farm: A swidden farm cultivated through a rotation of users.

• payo, stonewalled terrace pond-field: A series of stone-walled structures, usually $3.00$ meters in height, built on a hillside, primarily used as ricefields.

• magulon, grassland: The area occupied chiefly by forage plants especially grasses.

• latangan, residential area: The area below the rice terraces intended as place of residence.
  
  
  RICE TERRACES, PARTS

• payo, stonewalled terrace pond-field: A series of stonewalled structures, usually $3.00$ meters in height, built in a hillside and designed primarily as ricefields.

• bawang, enclosed pond-field surface: The area enclosed by each terrace dike that primarily functions to cultivate rice.

• tau', fish sump: A low portion in an enclosed pond-field that is usually stocked with mudfish.

• pumpudungan, property marker: A marker that is intended to identify the limit of one's property, especially in a ricefield.

• inado, vegetable mulch mounds: An earthen mound intended for cultivating vegetables.

• banong, dike/pond-field rim: The topmost part of the retaining wall (topeng) that is relatively flat and used both as a pathwalk and water confinement at the pond-field.

• topeng, stone retaining wall: Quarried angular broken stones laid in a slight angle, one above the other, to serve as terrace walling.

• lobong, water: The irrigated water from the forest, naturally distributed to every ricefield to foster rice growth.

• guheng, spillway: A water outlet constructed at the retaining wall, just above the required water level of the pond-field, as means of passage for surplus water as well as a drainage conduit.

• 'aldoh, second-course walling stone: The second layer of stones of the terraces resting above the "gonad" or foundation stones.

• doplah, bedrock/original valley-floor earth: Refers to the natural mountain slope or terrain that serves as the terrace's foundation or bed.

• gangal, course fill/small stones: The space in a stonewalled terrace composed of small, broken stones laid directly on the hill's bedrock.

• gonad, foundation stone: Huge boulders that serve as foundation of the terraces.

• ahbubul, submerged water source: The natural source of water for the pond-field coming from the ground.

• ''anul, drainage conduit: An artificial stone conduit for distributing and draining excess water constructed based on the natural topography of the land.

• luyo, worked pond-field soil: The soil that is ploughed, planted with rice, and provided with proper water irrigation.

• haguntal, hard earth fill: Earth soil with pieces of crushed stones or rocks that serve as pond-field soil bedding.

• adog, rough gravel fill: Small pieces of rock or gravel that work both as support for the terrace stone walling and the artificial pond-field.

Cordillera - Kankanay and Ibaloi

• KANKANAY House - Cordillera Binangiyan wealthy dwelling Similar to ifugao house Apa / inapa poor dwelling , temporary dwelling Allao More temporary dwelling

• IBALOY - CORDILLERA DEMA - affluent family

• KANKANAY AND IBALOI Baey / babayan elevated, square, one-room house four thick posts supporting a timber upper floor steep hip type roof of cogon grass.

• The lower end of the roof flared out
  

• baey, ceiling: The underside of the reed mat that is laid based on the angle of the roof it serves as the roof's undersheating.

• sapditan, binding rafter: A horizontal lumber placed above the flared-out rafter (tikel) to hold them in place.

• kalasod, queen post: The upright member of the roof frame placed above the tie beam (anayasan) to support the rafter (dagat).

• sha'tal, floor board: Rectangular wood planks laid horizontally above the floor joist (sagpad) to serve as floor (det-a) of the interior of the house.

• tokod, posts: A vertical upright member made of heavy, square timber used to reinforce the entire elevated structure.

• bubung, roof ridge: The thatch at the topmost part of the roof to cover the ridge.

• atep, roof: A steep hip roof with a flaring base covered with thick bundles of thatch from dried cogon grass.

• sagaang, shelf: A series of horizontal wood-framed structures above the cooking area with closely spaced wooden base. It is used to hold objects or kitchen implements.

• pananuman, water container: An earthen vessel used for holding water intended for drinking and cooking.

• banga, cooking jar: A rounded small earthen container used primarily for cooking.

• tokdoan, bench: A wooden bench inside the house.

• pangtew, door: The removable wood panel intended as entry way.

• det-a, floor: The elevated interior surface of the Kankanay house, usually made of floorboards (sha'tal).

• abek, mat: A mat made from reeds and laid above the floor (det-a) for sleeping.

• tetey, wood ladder: A fixed wooden or bamboo ladder intended for climbing up or down the house.
  
  

• torok, undersheating: The reed mat undersheating utilized as roof thatch and interior space ceiling…

• bobongan, ridge beam: The top most horizontal roof framing member placed above the queen post (kalasod) to support the upper section of the rafter (dagat).

• dagat, rafter: A wooden member set at an angle to hold the thick steep roof. Its upper end is supported by a queen post (kalasod) and on its lower end, a roof beam (goanan).

• tikel, flared-out rafter: A secondary rafter that is attached to the main rafter and provided with an inclined support. It is installed with a different angle of inclination from the main rafter to create a flaring lower base roof.

• anayasan, tie beam: A horizontal lumber placed above the roof beam (goanan) to hold it in place.

• goanan, roof beam: A heavy square lumber built similarly as the wall sill (opop) but intended to hold together the upper section of the wallboard (dingding) and provide support for the roofing.

• balkes, horizontal stud: A horizontal lumber placed at the outer mid-section of the wallboards (dingding) to provide additional reinforcement for the vertical wallboards.

• sedngal, inclined support: A square piece of lumber set at an angle above the wall sill (opop) to hold up the flaring section of the roof, particularly the flared-out rafter (tikel).

• dingding, wallboards: A rectangular wooden panel vertically fitted on the grooved roof beam (goanan) and wall sill (opop).

• ballangan, girder: A thick rectangular lumber placed above the posts (tokod) to hold them together and provide support for the floor joist (sagpad).

• sagpad, floor joist: Three pieces of heavy rectangular lumber with coved ends laid horizontally above the girder (ballangan) to provide support for the wall sill (opop) and floor boards (sha'tal).

• opop, wall sill: A rectangular lumber horizontally laid above the floor joist (sagpod) around the perimeter of the house. It is provided with a groove at its upper portion to hold the wallboard (dingding).
  
  
  Traditional Bontoc House

• INAGAMANG -SAGADA, Cordillera

• Agamang, upper level granary.

• Afong, general term for a family residence.

• Ato, council house and dormitory of the young and old unmarried males.

• Ulog or olog, female dormitory.
  
  
  House in Sagada

• SECTION (Scale 1:50 m) Dweller: unidentified

Tinokbob

• One of the earliest houses in Sagada.

• Windowless.

• Thick and steep roof, withstand the cold weather.

• Minimum wall surface exposed.

• Built directly on the ground.

• Two main independent structure

  • ground space /main house- for eating, sleeping cooking and working

  • elevated central structure is used as granary only

• atep, roof: A steep roof with thick piles of cogon grass gathered into bundles and inserted into the rafters.

• agamang, central granary: An elevated wooden structure, regarded as the heart (poso) of the house, and intended for storing rice grain and for offering sacrifices to the anito.

• dapoan, cooking area: The area, located at the rear section of the house, used for cooking and storing kitchen implements.

• agdan, ladder: A wooden ladder utilized for accessing the granary of the house.

• kamalig, storage space: An elevated wooden platform for storing baskets and pots.

• segpan, doorway: An opening as entrance into the house.

• lomeng, pig pen: A shallow pit enclosed with stones and boulders intended as pigs' pen.

• bogso, rafter: An inclined wooden member, attached to the upper ridge pole and beam below to bear the steep and heavy roof made of cogon grass.

• kiling, girder: A principal beam of timber used to support the granary structure.

• pitit, beam: A long piece of heavy timbered beam used to connect the lower posts and provide support for the heavy and steep roof.

• dingding, upper wall: Wooden boards for sheathing interior walls of granary.

• pamobbongan, ridge beam: A horizontal wooden section at the apex of the sloping roof which supports the upper end of the rafters.

• todog, roof undersheating: A horizontal support for roof grass made from "runo" sticks.

• dingding, wall: Horizontal planks wall chinked with mud to enable the house to be comfortably heated by the cooking fire.

• tokod, post: A square wood post used to support the roof and the lower horizontal plank wall.

• kammanga, wall sill: A horizontal timber resting above the floor joist used to hold up the granary wallboards.

• desa, floor joists: A rectangular member attached to the girders which keeps up the granary structure.

• *KALINGA - Cordillera Foruy -- elevated Rectangular one-room house timber materials thick roofing of cut bamboo laid one above the other removable wall panel for ventilation elevated floor along the perimeter of the wall seating and sleeping purposes.

• talob, roof: Thick roofing made from 8-10 layers of bamboo, cut into halves with the lower layers laid in concave arrangement and the upper layer in convex layout