hosa biology
textbook - biology, the unity and diversity of life (15th edition)
unit 1
chapter 1.2
vocabulary
atom - the smallest unit of a substance; composes matter
biosphere - all regions of Earth where organisms live
cell - smallest unit of life
community - all populations of all species in a defined area
ecosystem - a community interacting with its environment
emergent property - a characteristic of a system that does not appear in any of the system’s components
molecule - two or more atoms bonded together
organ - in multicelled organisms, a structure that consists of tissues engaged in a collective task
organism - an individual that consists of one or more cells
organ system - in multicelled organisms, a set of interacting organs that carry out a particular body function
population - a group of interbreeding individuals of the same species living in a defined area
tissue - in multicelled organisms, specialized cells organized in a pattern that allows them to perform a collective function
levels of organization
atom → molecule → cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism → population → community → ecosystem → biosphere
chapter 1.3
vocabulary
consumer - an organism that gets energy and nutrients by feeding on tissues, wastes, or remains of other organisms
development - processes by which the first cell of a multicelled organism gives rise to an adult
DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid; molecule that carries hereditary information; guides development and other activities
growth - increase in the number, size and volume of cells
homeostasis - process in which organisms keep their internal conditions within tolerable ranges by sensing and responding appropriately to change
inheritance - transmission of DNA to offspring
nutrient - a substance that an organism acquires from the environment to support growth and survival
photosynthesis - process by which producers use light energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water
producer - an organism that makes its own food using energy and nonbiological raw materials from the environment
reproduction - processes by which organisms produce offspring
key features of life
all organisms…
consist of at least one cell
require ongoing inputs of energy and raw materials
sense and respond to change
use DNA as the carrier of genetic information
chapter 1.4
vocabulary
animal - a multicelled consumer that develops through a series of stages and moves about during part or all of its life
archaea (singular, archaeon) - group of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus but are more closely related to eukaryotes than to bacteria
bacteria (singular, bacterium) - the most diverse and well-known group of single-celled organisms that lack a nucleus
eukaryote - an organism whose cells characteristically have a nucleus
fungus (plural, fungi) - a single-celled or multicelled eukaryotic consumer that breaks down material outside itself, then absorbs nutrients released from the breakdown
plant - a multicelled eukaryotic producer; typically photosythetic
prokaryote - a single-celled organism without a nucleus
protist - common term for a eukaryote that is not a plant, animal, or fungus
chapter 1.5
vocabulary
critical thinking - act of evaluating information before accepting it
genus (plural, genera) - a group of species that share a unique set of traits
science - systematic study of the physical universe
specific epithet - second part of a species name
taxon (plural, taxa) - a rank of organisms that share a unique set of traits
taxonomy - the practice of naming and classifying species
trait - an inherited characteristic of an organism or species
linnaean system
named after eighteenth-century naturalist, Carolus Linnaeus
standardized naming system
each species is given a unique two-part scientific name
first part is the genus
second part is the specific epithet
always italicized
taxonomic classification
more inclusive/specific as list goes on
domain
archaea, eukarya, or bacteria
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species (specific epithet)
chapter 1.6
vocabulary
control group - a group of individuals identical to an experimental group except for the independent variable under investigation
data - experimental result(s)
deductive reasoning - using a general idea to make a conclusion about a specific case
dependent variable - in an experiment, a variable that is presumably affected by an independent variable being tested
experimental group - in an experiment, group of individuals who have a certain characteristic or receive a certain treatment as compared with a control group
experiment - a test designed to support or falsify a prediction
hypothesis - a testable explanation of a natural phenomenon
independent variable - a variable that is controlled by an experimenter in order to explore its relationship to a dependent variable
inductive reasoning - drawing a conclusion based on observation
model - an analogous system used for testing hypotheses
prediction - a statement, based on a hypothesis, about a condition that should occur if the hypothesis is correct
scientific method - making, testing, and evaluating hypotheses
variable - in an experiment, a characteristic or event that differs among individuals or over time
the scientific method
observe
hypothesize
think of an explanation for your observation
evaluate the hypothesis
make a prediction based on the hypothesis (if…then)
test the prediction using experiments/surveys
analyze the results (data)
form a conclusion
decide whether the results support your hypothesis or not
report
report experiment, data, and conclusion to the scientific community
research specializations in biology
astrobiology - potential life elsewhere in the universe
biogeography - distribution of life on Earth
bioinformatics - development of tools to analyze data
botany - plant structure and precesses
cell biology - cell structure and processes
ecology - interactions among organisms, and among organisms and their environment
ethology - animal behavior
genetics - inheritance
marine biology - life in saltwater habitats
medicine - human health
paleontology - life in the ancient past
structural biology - architecture-dependent function of large biological molecules
and more
chapter 1.7
vocabulary
probability - the chance that a particular outcome of an event will occur; depends on the total number of outcomes possible
sampling error - a difference between results derived from testing an entire group of events or individuals, and results derived from testing a subset of the group
statistically significant - refers to a result that is statistically unlikely to have occurred by chance alone
chapter 1.8
vocabulary
law of nature - a generalization that describes a consistent natural phenomenon that has an incomplete scientific explanation
pseudoscience - a claim, argument, or method that is presented as if it were scientific, but is not
scientific theory - a hypothesis that has not been falsified after many years of rigorous testing, and is useful for making predictions about a wide range of phenomena
science vs pseudoscience
Science | Pseudoscience | |
Is the claim about an observation of a natural phenomenon? | Addresses only the observable, natural world | Often involves supernatural or mysterious phenomena |
Is the explanation for the observation testable? | Hypotheses are testable in ways that might falsify them; tests are repeatable and yield data | Claims are not testable or falsifiable by valid experimentation or observation |
Are the findings supported by valid scientific evidence? | Based on systematic observations and experiments that have been evaluated by members of the scientific community | Based on invented or unverified “facts,” anecdotes, rhetoric, or the absence of scientific evidence |
Is the conclusion consistent with other scientific evidence? | Consistent with most or all existing data and observations | Typically indifferent to scientific evidence and often denies it |
Is the process self-correcting? | Rigorous standards for ensuring accuracy and objectivity | No requirement for accuracy, truthfulness, or verification |
unit 2
chapter 2.2
vocabulary
atomic number - number of protons in the atomic nucleus; determines the element
charge - electrical property in which opposite charges attract, and like charges repel
electron - negatively charged subatomic particle
element - a pure substance that consists only of atoms with the same number of protons
isotopes - forms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons their atoms carry
mass number - total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus
neutron - uncharged subatomic particle in the atomic nucleus
nucleus - core of an atom; occupied by protons and neutrons
periodic table - tabular arrangement of elements by their atomic number
proton - positively charged subatomic particle that occurs in the nucleus of all atoms
radioactive decay - process by which atoms of a radioisotope emit energy and/or subatomic particles when their nucleus spontaneously breaks up
radioisotope - an isotope with an unstable nucleus
tracer - a substance that can be traced via its detectable component
chapter 2.3
vocabulary
chemical bond - attractive force that arises between two atoms when their electrons interact; links atoms in molecules
free radical - an atom with an unpaired electron
ion - an atom or molecule that carries a net charge
shell model - model of electron distribution in an atom
electrons are weird
has mass but no size
its position in space is described as more of a smudge than a point
carries energy, but only in incremental amounts
can gain energy only by absorbing the precise amount needed to boost it to the next energy level
can lose energy only by emitting the exact difference between two energy levels
a lot of electrons may be occupying the same atom
even though they move very fast (almost at the speed of light), they never collide
the multilevel apartment building of an atom
nucleus in the basement
each “floor” of the building corresponds to a certain energy level
each has a certain number of “rooms” or orbitals available for rent
up to two electrons can occupy each room
pairs of electrons populate rooms from the ground floor up
the farther an electron is from the basement, the more energy it has
an electron can move to a room on a higher floor if an energy input gives it a boost, but quickly emits the extra energy and moves back down
chapter 2.4
vocabulary
compound - molecule that has atoms of more than one element
covalent bond - type of chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons
electronegativity - measure of the ability of an atom to pull electrons away from other atoms
ionic bond - type of chemical bond in which a strong mutual attraction links ions of opposite charge
polarity - any separation of charge into positive and negative regions
structural model
three-dimensional representation of atoms and bonds
double and triple bonds are not distinguished from single bonds
all covalent bonds are shown as one stick connecting two balls, which represent atoms
common color-coding scheme to distinguish elements
carbon - black
hydrogen - white
oxygen - red
nitrogen - blue
phosphorous - yellow
chapter 2.5
vocabulary
cohesion - property of a substance that arises from the tendency of its molecules to resist separating from one another
concentration - amount of solute per unit volume of solution
evaporation - transition of a liquid to a vapor
hydrogen bond - attraction between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a separate covalent bond
hydrophilic - describes a substance that dissolves easily in water
hydrophobic - describes a substance that resists dissolving in water
salt - ionic compound that releases ions other than H+ and OH- when it dissolves in water
solute - a dissolved substance
solution - uniform mixture of solute completely dissolved in solvent
solvent - liquid in which other substances dissolve
surface tension - property of the surface of a liquid that allows it to resist an external force, due to the cohesive nature of its molecules
temperature - measure of molecular motion
chapter 2.6
vocabulary
acid - substance that releases hydrogen ions in water
base - substance that accepts hydrogen ions in water
buffer - set of chemicals that can keep the pH of a solution stable by
alternately donating and accepting ions that contribute to pH
pH - measure of the number of hydrogen ions in a fluid
unit 3
chapter 3.2
vocabulary
condensation - chemical reaction in which an enzyme builds a large molecule from smaller subunits; water also forms
enzyme - organic molecule that speeds a reaction without being changed by it
functional group - an atom (other than hydrogen) or a small molecular group bonded to a carbon of an organic compound; imparts a specific chemical property
hydrocarbon - compound that consists only of carbon and hydrogen atoms
hydrolysis - water-requiring chemical reaction in which an enzyme breaks a molecule into smaller subunits
metabolism - all of the enzyme-meditated reactions in a cell
monomer - molecule that is a subunit of a polymer
organic - describes a compound that consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms
polymer - molecule that consists of repeated monomers
reaction - process of molecular change