The Story of Psychotherapy in Psychology

Movement Toward and Away from Freud Talking Cure

Clinical Psychology =

Assessment 

  • James M. catell

  • Lewis Terman

  • Starke Hathaway

PLUS
Psychotherapy

  • sigmund freud

  • carl rogers

  • albert ellis

Phillipe Pinel (1745-1826) and Moral Treatment

  • director of sopature?? in paris 

    • mental and criminal behavior

  • Moral treatment - non violent treatment to medical disorders and mental illnesses

Benjamin Rush (1746-1813) and Medical Treatment

  • (In the US)

  • one of the signers of declaration of independence

  • physician from university of columbia (most expertise in the new world)

  • advocate that we should have public government healthcare for all people

  • believed that mental disroders, mental illness, and otherswere due to poor blood circulation

History of Mental Health

  • asylum expansion in the 1800’s

  • 1844: Association of Medical Superintendents

  • 1892: American medico-psychological association

    • influence of freud’s psychoanalysis

    • two opposing viewpoints on mental disorder: organic versus functional

      • functional is from freud

  • 1906: Emmanuel Movement Controversy

    • combining psychological education and knowledge with interest in spirituality

      • a lot of issues that were spiritual could be solved with psychology

    • Elwood Worcester, Ph.D.

      • wrote about this movement

  • 1921: American Psychiatric Association is founded

  • 1950: discovery of chlorpromazine


Great and Desperate Cures

  • Benjamin rush 

    • cribs to soothe people

    • sensory deprivation

    • centrifuge

    • hydrotherapy: cold and hard spray of water to stimulate neurons

Deinstitutionalization

Lightner Witmer (1867-1956)

  • Bucks county, PA

  • UPenn: first psych class = James Catell

    • later studied at Leipzig; Ph.D in 1892 with Wundt

  • hired by Penn to replace Catell

  • 1896: founded an “experimental clinic”

  • consultants to public schools

  • 1907: journal The Psychological Clinic

  • 1917: American Association of Clinical Psychologists (AACP)

Leta Hollingworth (1886-1939)

  • functional periodicity:

  • variability hypothesis: women have less variability in intelligence than men do

    • new intelligence tests and tasks 

    • compared averages and standard deviations

      • equal in intelligence and equal in variability 

Psychologists and Psychotherapy

  • M.D. requirement for the practice of psychoanalysis

  • role of psychologists in mental health before 1950

  • WWII and returning Veterans

  • Autonomy of the military and VA

  • 1946: National Mental Health Act provided funding to universities

Boulder Conference

  • August 1949: 2-week meetin go f73 members of APA

  • 70 resolutions adopted to create the “Boulder model” regarding education and training for clinical psychologists

  • Core knowledge and skills

  • Practicum and internship training

  • Research dissertation → Ph.D.

  • “Scientist-Practitioner” Model

Carl R. Rogers (1902-1987)

  • born in suburban Chicago; 4th of 6 children in a conservative Christian family

  • attended Uni of Wisconsin to study agriculture

  • switched to Union Theological Seminary after Sophomore year

  • Ed.D

  • worked initiallu in child guidance clinics

    • learned value of relationship as a healing mechanism

    • discovered that many behvior/cognitive educational problems stem from not feeling worthy

    • through a relationship with the therapist, u can help them realize their worth

  • 1940: professor at Ohio State

    • first to do systematic psychotherapy research; started to do it on adults

    • different processes and outcomes 

  • 1942 book: Counseling and Psychotherapy 

  • APA president in 1946

  • 1951 book: Client-Centered Therapy

    • presents theory and techniques of a completely novel brand of therapy

  • professor at University of of Chicago, and then Wisconsin

    • everywhere he goes, even tho he is so successful in every other metric, he is not accepted by colleagues

      • height of behaviorism

    • 1963: Center for Studies of the Person in La Jolla, CA

Roger’s Client-Centered Therapy

  • ppl are motivated by growth

    • impeded by “conditions of worth”

  • importance of therapeutic relationship

  • warmth and positive regard

    • acceptance of patient

  • active listening

  • “mirroring” of thoughts and affects

  • no judgments or advice