Sociology chapters 4-6

  • Nature vs. Nurture Debate : roles of genetics and socialization in determining Individual behaviors and traits  

  • Socialization:  the process of learning values beliefs and norms of society 

  • Self: the individual's consciousness or person's identity 

  • Id, Ego & Superego (Freud): four distinct stages of the development of self between birth and adulthood 

  • Looking-Glass Self (Cooley) : the self develops through our perception of others

  • Preparatory, Play & Game Stage (Mead): the first stage in mead's theory ( children- imitation and mimicking) 

  • Generalized Other: expectation of a network of others ( stereotype of other groups) 

  • Dramaturgy (Goffman): which social life is analyzed by its similarities to theatrical performances 

  • Impression Management: the effort to control the impression we make on others so that is certain situations they form a desire for us 

  • Backstage: where you rehearse for a performance

  • Frontstage: where you perform in front Everyone 

  • Social Construction: a practice that a group constantly upholds and abides by (like christianity)

  • Agents of Socialization: social groups, institutions and other things that provide structured  interactions with others 

  • Hidden Curriculum: values or behaviors that students learn indirectly over the courser of their schooling 

  • Resocialization: the process of replacing previous values or norms with new ones 

  • Status: a persons position or rank within a social hierchy

  • ascribed status: a status that is inborn (very difficult/impossible to change)

  • embodied status: a status generated by physical characteristics

  • achieved status: a status earned through individual effort or imposed by others

  • master status : someone or something that is always relevant 

  • Stereotyping :  judging other based on preconceived generalization 

  • Role: set of behaviors expected of someone because of their status 

  • Role Conflict: when two or more roles contradict each other

  • Role Strain: when in the role you contradict itself

  • Role Exit: leaving a role we no longer are apart of 

  • Emotional Labor: the process of evoking, suppressing or otherwise managing feelings to create a publicly observable display of emotions

  • Agency: the ability of the individual to act freely and independent

  • Group: two or more people who share the same interest/ attributes 

  • Crowd: a temporary gathering of people in a public place 

  • Primary groups : people most important to ourselves 

  • Secondary Groups:  groups that are larger and less intimate 

  • Category :  same attributes but different individual identity 

  • Social Network:  the web of direct and indirect ties connecting an individual to others 

  • Social Ties: connection between others 

  • Anomie: weaker social bonds Or Normlessness 

  • Virtual Communities: social groups whose interactions are online 

  • Group Dynamics: the patterns of interactions between groups of individuals 

  • Dyad: two person social group 

  • Triad: three person social group 

  • In-Group: a group that one feels loyalty to or identifies with 

  • Out-Group :  a group that one feels in rivalry in 

  • Reference Group: a group that provides standard comparison 

  • Group Cohesion: the sense of solitary or loyalty towards a group

  • Groupthink: demand for anonymous agreement 

  • Social Influence (Peer Pressure): a group impact on others decisions 

  • Asch Experiment: study conducted by solomon asch to which he examined the extent to which individuals conform to the opinions of a group, even when the group's opinion is clearly incorrect, demonstrating the power of social pressure and group influence on individual behavior

  • Milgram Experiment: proved that people will likely follow orders even harmful ones, when instructed by an accepted authority figure

  • Stanford Prison Experiment: a social psychology study in which college students became prisoners or guards in a stimulated prison environment

  • Social Loafing: when someone does the bare minimum in group activities 

  • Social Identity Theory: the theory of group formation 

  • Power: the ability to control the actions of others 

  • Coercive:  power that is backed by threat or force 

  • Influential Power: power that is backed by persuasion 

  • Authority: The right to wield power 

  • Bureaucracy: specific type of secondary group 

  • McDonaldization: george riddlers term

  • Deviance: a behavior that violates the norms 

  • Social Control: the forman and informal way to make normand and deviances  

  • Social Control Theory: increase conformity decrease deviance 

  • Structural Strain Theory: bridge between structuralism and functionalism 

  • Innovators: accepts society's goals but not the way that people achieve them 

  • Ritualists: people who have given up hope to reach normal goals but still try 

  • Retreatists: someone who lives outside of society norms altogether 

  • Rebels: someone who creates and work toward their own goals 

  • Differential Association Theory: we learn to be deviant through deviant people 

  • Labeling Theory: deviance is a consequence of external judgment 

  • Self-Fulfilling Prophecy:  altering the statement or situation to make yourself right 

  • Stereotype Threat: fear of performing poorly 

  • Stereotype Promise: positive stereotypes lead to positive performances 

  • Stigma: social attribute that devalues a person or group 

  • Passing: presenting yourself as a different group so you don't have to be a part of the group you belong 

  • In-Group Orientation: don't judge a book by its covers 

  • Outsiders: those labeled deviant were subsequently segregated from “normal” society

  • Deviance Avowal: an individual self indentifies as deviant and initiates their own labeling process

  • Crime: a violation of norm that has been codified into law

  • Criminology: the scientific study of crime, criminals, and criminal justice

  • Violent Crime: crime in which violence is either the objective or the means to end, including murder, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery

  • Property Crime: crime that does not involve violence including burglary, larceny theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson

  • Cybercrime: crime commit via the internet, including identity theft, embezzlement, fraud sexual predation, and financial scams

  • White Collar Crime: crime commited by a high status individual in the course of their occupation

  • Criminal Justice System: a collection of social institutions such as legistlatures police courts and prisons that creates and enforces law

  • Deterrence: an approach to punishment that relies on the treat of harsh penalties to discourage people from committing crimes

  • Retribution: an approach to punishment that emphasizes retaliation or revenge for the crime as the appropriate goal

  • Incapacitation: an approach to punishment that seeks to protect society from criminals by imprisoning or executing them

  • Rehabilitation: an approach to punishment that attempts to reform criminals as part of their penalty

  • Capital Punishment: the death penalty

  • Positive Deviance: actions considered deviant within a given context but later reinterpreted as appropriate or even heroic