Kidney!!!!

·         Structure primarily responsible for filtration in kidney

o   Glomerulus (part of the nephron)

·         Renal corpuscle (glomerulus + bowman’s capsule) is in which part of kidney

o   Renal cortex

·         Primary function of filtration barrier in renal corpuscle

o   Prevent passage of large molecules/proteins/blood cells to leave th

·         Which layer of the filtration barrier prevents passage of large proteins

o   Basement membranes – charged

·         Which pressure promotes filtration in the renal corpuscle

o   Glomerular hydrostatic pressure

·         Two main types of nephrons in kidney and how do they differ

o   Cortical (85%, most located in cortex, juxtamedullary(long loop of Henle that goes deep into the medulla, function in water reabsorption, urine concentration)

·         Which process occurs in glomerulus

o   Filtration

·         What is glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

o   Amount of fluid filtered from blood into the kidney tubules (90-120mL/min)

·         Where does most of tubular reabsorption occur

o   Proximal tubule

·         What is the key permeability difference between the descending and ascending loop of Henle

o   Water is resorbed in descending, cannot leave the ascending but resorbs sodium

·         What drives water reabsorption in the proximal tubule

o   Osmotic gradients

·         Which of the following statements best describes the concept of renal clearance

o   Volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance in the kidneys per unit time –

·         Under normal physiological conditions, how does the nephron handle glucose in terms of clearance, and what mechanism ensures its fate

o   Fully filtrated and fully reabsorbed, clearance is 0 --- should not have this in your urine

·         Which pathway allows sultues to move between cells in the renal tubule

o   Paracellular pathway

·         In the renal tubule, how do substances move in and out of the cell

o   Active (sodium pump) and passive transport (osmotic gradients)

·         How does the nephron regulate potassium levels through secretion and reabsorption

o   Different cells do different things – principal cells and intercalated cells

·         Which hormone regulated water reabsorption indirectly affecting solute concentrations

o   Vasopressin (aka ADH, antidiuretic hormone)

·         Role of the countercurrent multiplier

o   Creates a osmotic gradient of increasing osmolarity deeper in the medulla – concentrates urine in the loop of henle – allows for slow reabsorption of water

·         How does the descending loop of henle contribute to the countercurrent multiplier

o   Does the opposite of the ascending loop – reabsorption of water

·         Primary role of countercurrent exchange in the vasa recta

o   Prevent washout of medullary osmotic gradient while allowing exchange of solutes and water

·         How does the kidney respond to acidosis

o   Excrete more H+, reabsorb bicarbonate, excrete ammonium