Bio test 2 flas

Hi, Nicola! Days streak 3 Created decks 20 Cards studied 3,729 My Classes (8) 8-1 Tests, Quizzes, Check-Ins & Unit Tests AP COMPARITIVE POLITICS AP US Government & Politics AP® U.S. Government Geography Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 10 APS Grade 10 Semester 2 Add New Class Trending Certified Classes Nursing Pediatrics People You Should Know USMLE® Step 1 WSET ® Level 1 Beer GRE® Psychology Tarot Cards Nursing Adult Health Conversation Starters 2020 Master Electrician Nursing Fundamentals See all Certified Classes Upgrade Grade 10 Semester 2 Bio Test 2: Microbio Add a short description of the topics covered in this deck Study Deck Preview (128) Edit (128) Browse (128) simple advanced source Quick Tips 1 q Characteristics of bacteria. All bacteria are a single celled, prokaryotic (lack nuclues and membrane-bound organnelles), reproduce asexually (binary fission), contain DNA made of a single chromosne 2 q Nitrogen fixation a N2 some bacteria take nitrogen directly from the air to make proteins. These bacteria usually live in nodules on roots of legumes. They cna't use N2 so they make it into usable gasses 3 q Carbon-oxygen cycle a Bacteria are key in the breakdown of dead organisms and the cycling of carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere. Decompose dead organisms=release stored O2 into atmosphere 4 q Production of vitamin K and B12 a occurs in humans in the large intestine, eat your waste to create needed vitamins 5 q Size of a bacteria a 1 to 10 upm (1000 upm = 1mm) 6 q DNA in a bacteria is not a enclosed in a nucleolus, chromosne lose in cytoplasm 7 q Flagellum a whip-like movement not always present 8 q Plasmid a loop of DNA which is exchanged during conjugation 9 q Cytoplasm in bacteria a contains ribosomes for protein synthesis, factory to make proteins 10 q Capsule in bacteria a reduces water loss, resists high temperatures and protects against antibiotics and viruses, don't need it but useful 11 q Cocci a round 12 q Bacilli a Rod-shaped 13 q Spirilli a spiral 14 q Staphylo a clusters 15 q Strepto a chains 16 q Diplo a pairs 17 q Mono a individual cells 18 q Naming bacteria a group then shape, can be any combo 19 q Gram-Positive a stained purple after a dyeing technique with crystal violet and iodine, these bacteria have a thick cell wall and are mostly harmless. Strepto coccus 20 q Gram-negative a stained pink these bacteria have a thin cell wall and many are pathogenic, can make you sick but not always. Salmonella 21 q heterotrophic a must eat others for food 22 q autotrophic a able to mkae own food (photoautrophic-sunlight) (chemoautotrophic-chemicals) 23 q Aerobic (Aerobes) a use oxygen to produce energy from food, obligate (need oxygen to survive) or facultative (can switch dependancy on oxygen) 24 q Anaerobic a do not require oxygen to produce energy, can be obligate (will die if exposed to o2) 25 q Binary fission a single circular chromosone replicates, mutations can occur increasing genetic diversity, cell sperates into two cells 26 q Conjugation a occurs when conditions are less than ideal due to shortages of food or space or decreased temperatures. two bacterial cells connect via a brighe (a pilus) and exchange a plasmid (small ring of dna) 27 q 2 effects of conjugation a creates variation (genetically differnt_ antibiotic resistant 28 q endospore formation a occurs with gram positive (good) bacteria, when growth conditions become unfavorable the bacterium makes an endospore (thick wall that surrounds its DNA and cytoplasm), the endospore can lie dormant for a long time, through droght, heat and radiation until good contions return 29 q Endotoxins a produced inside bacteria and are only releaeed when gram negative bacteria split they are seldom toxic but do cause fever diarrhea and vomitting, salmonella 30 q exotoxins a produced and excreted from living bacteria they do not produce fevers they are often fatal, clostridium 31 q Are viruses alive a no because they: are not made of cells, don't need energy, can't reproduce without infecting a living cell, no homeostasis, can't die 32 q Characteristics of viruses a all are parasitic and cannot live indpendently they cannot invade all cell types (e.g. rabies infects mammals, HIV infects only white blood cells) They must use the energy of other cells to "live" and reproduce, the host cell does everything for then 33 q Size of a bacteria a 0.01 to 0.1 Upm (micrometer) 34 q Strucutre of a bacteria a nucleic acid core, protein coat (capsid), external proteins 35 q Nucleic acid core a small piece of genetic material, can be DNA or RNA, contains instructions to make more more viruses, 36 q Protein coat (capsid) a exteranl sturucture that contains parts, determines shape of the virus 37 q external proteins a used for recognition, attachment 38 q Bacteriophage a attaches to cell surface and inject their gentic material 39 q animal virus a triggers cell to eat the virus, (endocytosis) 40 q plant virus a through a cell wall injury or when polination occurs 41 q Lytic cycle a Virus attaches to cell and injects DNA into cell, viral DNA uses bactrial cell components to manufacture more viruses, occurs very fast destroys cells viral symptoms are immediate. cell dies as baby viruses break out of the cell Example: adenovirus 9common cold 42 q Lysogenic cycle a virus DNA combines with cell DNA, occurs slowly viral symptoms are delayed (chicken pox) when infected cell goes through mitosis the viral also duplicates, something must trigger the virus in order to show signs and start the lytic cycle 43 q Simple RNA viruses a takes over cell functions directy, avoids cell DNA entirely, (influenxa), goest straight to RNA and gives it instructions to make more viruses 44 q Retrovirus a uses an enzyme to rewrite cell DNA with the viral RNA, enzyme makes frequent mistakes thus has a high mutation rate, long, slow life cycle, turns RNA into DNA, HIV 45 q Cell lysis a virus particles build up inside cell, cell eventually bursts open, cell is completely destroyed, very common, KILLS HOST 46 q exocytosis a virus is exported out of cell, no damage to cell structures, can continue to make virus, flu virus, keeps host alive 47 q How do viruses spread from animals to humans a can develop mutations that help it jump, more close species=faster jumps, mutations to human have to be able to attacht to cell, has to avoid immune system, has to be transmittable 48 q What can we do to limit the emergence of new human viral infections a quarrantine the sick, wear masks, stay away from sick animals 49 q Prions a abnormally shaped proteins, infect and destroy the brain of mammals, are transmittec by eating infected animals, infected fluids, and exposure to contaminated medical devices, NO CURE 50 q Bovine spongiform encephalopathy "mad cow" a due to a prion infection with a long incubation period, leads to changes in loss of motor control and behavioral changes, caused by eating infected feed, considered nearly eradicated globally, can spread to humans through eating contmainated food, causes variant cjd 51 q CJD a caused by a prion infection or genetic mutation leading to prion fomation, spread through: contaminated food, brain tissue grafts, brain electode implants, human growth hormones, cannibalism first symptom is usually a rapdly progressing dementia, other neurological symptoms develop, fatal withing weeks to months, treated with palliative care 52 q Kuru a prion disease, formerly common among the Fore people of Papua new guinea, funerary cannibalism was practiced to free the spirit of the dead, tremors are a typical early symptom, fatal disease with no treatment, incubation period 10-50 years 53 q Viroids a infectious pieces of RNA, do not code for protein, smaller than a virus, have no capsid/protein coat, are plant pathogens that destroy crops, no treatment, though to function by "turning off" genes 54 q Parasites a live off their hosts to survive, can be caused by different types of organisms: helminths, protozoa, ectoparasites, parasitic fungi, others 55 q Heminths a parasitic worms across 4 phyla, tapeworms roundworms and flukes, most are intestinal parasites, over 12000 species that infect humans, often spread through contaminated water or soil 56 q Protozoa a animal-like protists, spread through insect vector or infected intems, many different infectious agents causing a range of human diseases 57 q Malaria a mosquito-borne disease, caused by members of the genus Plasmodium, prevented by avoiding mosquito bites or medication, simple/uncomplicated malaria can be treated with oral medication, severe/complicated malaria is 10-50% fatal, one of the tragets of Goal 3 of the UNs SDG is to end the malaria epidemci in all countries by 2030 58 q Toxoplasmosis a caused by Toxoplasma gondii, spread by infected food, cat-feces, mother-to-fetus, most people are asymptomatic, many exhibit flu-like symptoms, some people get more serious symptoms and the risk during pregnancy is higher 59 q Ectoparasites a a parasite that lives on the outside of the host, lice, fleas, bedbugs, ticks, mites 60 q ticks a feed off of host blood, can spread many diseases such as: Lyme disease (can be mild or have serious long-term effects) Powassan virus (asymptomatic to fatal) Alpha-gal syndrome (red meat allergy) 61 q fungi a differnet from the decomposer fungi, parasitic fungi attack living organisms, can infect humans (ringworm, athlete's foot, candidiasis-yeast infections, nail infections) 62 q Surface barriers: Skin a layers of cells-top layers are dead and act as a barrier, live lower layers are supported by immune cells Keeps water in and pathogens out Protective features: -Acid mantle (pH 4.5-6.5), formed by a combination of sebum and sweat makes it hard for some bactdria to reproduce, kills them -Salts dehydrating to pathogens -Defeneses, antimicrobial peptides that help prevent infections, upregulate immune responses and trigger repairs -Commensal bacteria, good bacteria that helps prevent infections by pathogens 63 q Surface Barriers: Mucosa a covers body openings (respiratiory, digestive, reproductive, eyes) with a layer of musus, supported by: cilia for sweeping, immune cells and antimbodies for active detection and defense Immune response is less active to limit excess inflamation - keep form overreacting Lined with commensal bacteria like the skin 64 q Surface Barriers: Tears a able to wash away foregin material, Contains lysozyme: also found in saliva and human milk, able to damage or kill bacteria Can help repair damage to the eye's surface 65 q Innate immune system: major functions a identity and remove foreign material, rectuit immune cells with cytokines, activate complement cascade (turn on immune response, can't be stopped), activate adaptive immunity, participate in creating the surface barriers 66 q cytokines a molecules in blood that send messages 67 q Cells in the innate immune system a Phagocytes, Granulocytes, Natural killer cells 68 q Phagocyte cells a macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils (also a granulocyte) 69 q what are the main roles of phagocytes a eating, phagocytosis-cell eating, recruit other immune cells, links inate and adaptive immunity 70 q how do granulocytes aid the immune response a many granuoles in cytoplasm, killing pathogens inject toxins in pathogen, immune signalling, regulate function of other immune cells 71 q what are granuoles a toxic 72 q What is the function of natural killer cells a destroy host cells that are compromised (cancer) or virus-infected, cause cell death by: cell lysis (break cell membrane), apoptosis (programmed cell death), do not need activation by other immune cells 73 q Adaptive immune system: major functions a recognize self and non-self during antigen presentation (showing what ate), generate immune repsonses specific to the pathogen, create and maintain immune memory 74 q T Cells a fight with inject toxins or telling cells to die: T Helper cells, killer cells, T regulatory cells, T memory cells 75 q B cells a Plasmablast, Plasma cells, regulatory B cells, memory b cells 76 q Where do t cells originate a thymus, at branch of the trachea, very active when you were young 77 q How are memory t cells different from other T cells a cells that live after infection, rember how to fight infection, with you for years, protect you next time 78 q Where do b cell originate a bone marrow, no training 79 q What do B cells use to generate an immmune response a antibody, y shpaed 80 q Antigen a foreign molecules 81 q Antibody a proteins made by B cells, bind to antigen to remove pathogen 82 q Lymphatic system a network of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, lymphatic organs, lymphatic tissues, vessels carry a fluid called lymph, site of activation for the adaptive immune system, transport and storage for immune cells, removes excess fluid from tissues, aborbs lipid/fat for the digestive system 83 q Thymus a produces and trains t-cells, most before birth and finishing in childhood, remvoes t cells that cannot bind or signal properly, removes t cells that recgonize self antigens to prevent autoimmune disease 84 q Bone marrow a spongy tissue inside bones, creates blood cells, including immune cells 85 q Spleen a can live withouth, stores B T and red blood cells, contatins macrophage to remove dead/dying immune cells. filter blood, if injured must remove bc of high amount of blood can lead to internal bleeding 86 q Benefits: Infections a fends off pathogenic viruses, bacteria and parasites, barriers innate and aptive immunity all work together, tolerates commensals (good bacteria) 87 q Benefits: damaged cells a T cells can kill damaged human cells, Apoptosi is used regulated process of cell death 50-70 bilion cells a day undergo apoptosis, Phagocytes consume and digest killed cells pieces of them 88 q Benefits: wound repair a phagocytes, remove any pathogens and damaged cells, increase ne blood vessels formation, stimulates extracellular matrix generation, secreted cytokines to attract cells to rebuild tissue 89 q Benefits: cancer a recognizes cancer cells as different, removes these cells, many cancer cells develop ways to evade the immune system, immunotherapy is treatment that uses the immune system 90 q Harms: allergies a harmless antigen(s) cause an immune response, liked to the IgE antibodies, can be a mild nusiance or life threatening (anaphalaxis swelling of airway) 91 q Harms: autoimmune a immune cells do not properly distinguish self vs nonself antigens, immune system attacks your own tissues Example: celiac-gluten intiates an autoimmune attack, type 1 diabetes-insulin producing cells are attacked, multiple sclerosis-nerve cells are attacked 92 q Harm: immune deficiency a one or more components of the immune system are inactive, some causes: aging, genetic inheritance, HIV infection (kill all cd4) 93 q Supression a malnutrition-impairs the production and activity of immune cells Stress-suppresses inflammtion and immune cell function Lack of sleep-reduces cytokine release Medication-suppression is used to treat autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditons 94 q Boosting a cannot boost you immune system is you're healthy 95 q 8 ways to avoid getting cold/blu when your friends are ill a avoid sick friends, wear a mask, tell them to cover coughs and sneezes, stay 6ft away, hand sanitizer before eating, make sure your immune system is healthy, get the vaccine, hang otu outdoors 96 q 3 benefits of bacteria for humans a take nitrogen from the air and make proteins, breakdown decaying matter releasingmore o2 into the atmosphere, creates vitamin k (blood clotting) and b12 (keeps nerves cells healthy) 97 q 3 negative consequences of bacteria for humans a can cause infections-bad bacteria in body, create endoxtoxins (fever, diarhea, vomitting), create exotoxins (deadly) 98 q 3 benefits of virsues for humans a 1. Medical Applications (Phage Therapy & Gene Therapy) Phage Therapy: Viruses called bacteriophages specifically attack harmful bacteria, making them a potential alternative to antibiotics, especially against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Gene Therapy: Scientists use modified viruses to deliver healthy genes into human cells, helping treat genetic disorders like cystic fibrosis and sickle cell disease. 2. Boosting the Immune System Some viral infections train the immune system to recognize and fight other diseases. Live vaccines use weakened viruses (e.g., measles or polio vaccines) to stimulate immunity without causing severe illness. 3. Driving Evolution & Genetic Diversity Viruses can transfer DNA between species, influencing human evolution. Some viral genes are incorporated into our DNA and help with essential functions, like the development of the placenta in mammals. 99 q 3 consequences of viruses for humans a 1. Diseases and Epidemics (Makes You Sick) Viruses like influenza, HIV, and COVID-19 cause widespread illness and can lead to pandemics. Some viruses cause chronic diseases (e.g., hepatitis B can lead to liver cancer). 2. Genetic Mutations and Cancer Some viruses disrupt human DNA, leading to cancer (e.g., HPV can cause cervical cancer, and Epstein-Barr virus is linked to lymphoma). Viral DNA inserted into human cells can cause harmful mutations. 3. kull food sources 100 q antibiotics a small compounds that treat infections, treat bacterial diseases 101 q vaccines a dead or inactivated viruses, to provide immunity, prevent viral and bacterial diseases 102 q Pandemic a widespread occurence of an infectious disease over a whole country or world 103 q epidemic a widespread occurence of an infectious disease in a community at a particular time 104 q endemic a regularly occuring disease in an area or community 105 q Whooping cough a bordetella pertusis, Symptoms: violent cough with a whoop at the end, sneezing fever, Transmitted: inhalation of respiratory droplets, contaminated objects, Treatment: antibiotics, Found: whole world, Prevalence: 24.1 million cases a year 106 q COVID-19 a SARS-COV-2, fever, chills, sore throat, Transmitted: infected person coughs or sneezes, Treated: taking advil, eat healthy, rest, Found: everywhere, Prevalence: 8,00 per 100,000 in canada 107 q CJD chart a abnormal prions, loss of intellectual and memories, changes in personality, Transmitted: injection, transplant, consumption, Treated: treat symptoms, keep comfortable, Found: europe, americas japan australia, Prevalences: 1 to 2 people million globally 108 q Malaria a Plasmodium (parasites pecios), exteme tiredness, abnormal breathing, when an infected female mosquito bites you or when blood w/ malaria is passed on, Treated: medications that kill the pathogen, iv antimalarial drugs, Found: tropic or subtopic areas of asia, africa, central and south america, Prevalence: 249 million cases a year, 488 cases a year canada 109 q Non-specific immune system defenses a work against all kinds of pathogens, always present 110 q Chemical and physical barriers a skin, sweat, tears, earwax, cilia, acids, coughing, sneezing, and vomiting 111 q Resident microorganism a live on you and prevent invaders from colonizing you 112 q Inflammation a creates a warm, hostile environment for invaders 113 q Immune cells a attack and destroy invaders 114 q fever a the high temperature can kill invaders 115 q Specific immunity a takes thime to devlop but can remember specific pathogens to destroy them, targets different carbs and proteins that are on the surface of a pathogen, antigens trigger white blood cells to destroy the pathogen, antibodies from b cells help target the response 116 q Antigens a targets different carbs and proteins that are on the surface of a pathogen 117 q Different types of vaccines a inactivated, live-attenuated, subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide, conjgate, messenger RNA, toxioid, viral vector 118 q first modern vaccine a made for small pox, a young boy was injected w cow pox which made him immune to smallpox 119 q How vaccines work a they train the immune system about foreing antigens, allow for herd immunity (vaccinate majority of a community) 120 q antibiotics are a medications that kill bacteria 121 q antibiotics are not a effective against viruses fungi or protists 122 q The overuse of antibiotics a over the last few years has been making them less effective, this is called antibiotic resistance. this is why you should take all of your prescribed antibiotics and never take it when not prescribed 123 q Antibiotics are produced by a bacteria or fungi, can be manufactured 124 q What wss the first antibiotic and how was it discovered a penicillin, discovered by accident (fungi in petri dish killed bacteria with penicillin) 125 q Anti viral agent a most target specific viruses, broad-spectrum antivirals are effective against many viruses, do not kill but don't allow virus reproduction/development, antiviral resistance can develop, used sparingly in high-risk groups and must be administered quickly after disease onset 126 q Antifungal agents a fungi must be treated with fungicides, they can kill or inhibit 127 q antiparasitic agents a used to treat parasitic infections by a number of different parasites, work by destroying or inhibiting the parasite, most are specific to a small groups of closely related parasites 128 q Question a Answer