AES305-Lecture Notes 7-The Baroque Architecture-2024-2025

Baroque Architecture

  • Baroque architecture is an exuberant and expressive style prominent in the 17th century.

  • Originated in Italy in the early 17th century and influenced Europe and the New World for about 150 years.

  • The term "Baroque" may derive from the Portuguese word "barroco," referring to an irregular pearl, indicating a contorted and grand style.

  • Considered the final phase of the Renaissance, also identified with absolutism, reflecting centralized power.

  • Characterized by monumental scale and dramatic spaces with rich interior decoration, symbolizing political and economic power.

Key Characteristics of Baroque Architecture

  • Massiveness: Structures were built on a large scale with heavy, impressive proportions.

  • Lighting and Space: Dramatic use of lighting to create dynamic interior spaces.

  • Decoration: Richly decorated surfaces from floor to ceiling using luxurious materials.

Baroque Architecture and Absolutism

  • Absolutism peaked during Louis XIV’s reign, best exemplified by the Palace at Versailles.

  • Architectural projects combined elements of art, painting, and exterior landscaping to showcase royal power.

  • The Vatican also represents the power of the Pope, buoyed by the Counter-Reformation, with St. Peter's Basilica being a significant completion.

Influence of Science

  • The relationship between art and science during this period was crucial; the metaphysical complexities were replaced by a new physics.

  • Influential thinkers like Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo, Descartes, and Newton shifted the cosmological understanding, affecting visual perception.

  • Artists and scientists engaged in dialogue about discoveries that reshaped the 17th-century worldview.

Baroque Architecture in Italy

Examples

  1. Completion of St. Peter's Basilica

    • This monumental structure resulted from extensive rebuilding and embodies Baroque style with its grandiosity.

  2. Sant' Andrea al Quirinale

    • Designed by Gian Lorenzo Bernini between 1658-70, it features a geometrical plan with classical references, particularly the Pantheon.

    • Includes a curved entrance with Corinthian pilasters and interior niches.

    • Light plays a crucial role in the structure, illuminating decorative elements for dramatic effects.

Baroque Architecture in France

  • French Classical Architecture reflects the grandeur and authority of Rome, designed to embody monarchy ideals.

  • The Palace of Versailles under Louis XIV symbolizes Baroque Classicism and represents power through vast scale and repetition.

  • Renovation of the Louvre marked one of the initial strides into Baroque architecture, resulting in a synthesis of French château and Italian palazzo styles.

Development of the Palace at Versailles

  • Initiated renovation projects in 1661, with an aim to transition an existing hunting lodge into a vast complex.

  • The layout consisted of forecourts and central courtyards, encapsulating historical and new building elements.

  • Hall of Mirrors and Gardens represent the artistic expressions of Louis XIV’s reign, integrating landscape and architecture into ceremonial spectacles.

Summary of Influential Structures

  • The Louvre:

    • Originally a Gothic castle transformed under Francis I and continued under subsequent rulers, culminating in a grand representative structure featuring classical styles.

    • Designed features include pedimented window frames and a symmetrical effect with tall, narrow windows.

  • Versailles Gardens:

    • Evolved towards grand celebrations and festivities, reflecting Louis XIV's vision for a place of spectacle and splendor.