SCIENCE 8 REVIEWER

LESSON 1: BIOLOGY LAB TOOLS

> CONTAINERS:

  • Beaker - measures volumes of liquids, made of pyrex

  • Erlenmeyer Flask - mixing chemicals, measures volume

  • Test Tube - holds small amount of liquids, made of pyrex

  • Petri Dish - for bacteria cultures, made of pyrex

> AUXILIARY/SUPPORT:

  • Wire Gauze - spreads out heat, supports apparatus

  • Test Tube Rack - holds test tubes for drying/observing

  • Tongs - picks up or holds hot items

  • Test Tube Holder - holds test tubes

  • Test Tube Brush - cleans test tubes

  • Spatula - scoops/gets solid chemicals from containers

  • Funnel - holds filter paper, used for transferring liquids, used for filtering

> MEASURING:

  • Graduated Cylinder - measures ACCURATE volumes

  • Digital Balance - measures mass in GRAMS/KILOGRAMS

  • Meterstick - measures length, distance or height

  • Thermometer - measures temperature in CELCIUS

> DISSECTING:

  • Forceps - used to pick up SMALL items

  • Dissecting pins - holds specimen in place

  • Dissecting scissors - used to cut the specimen

  • Dissecting pan - holds specimen for dissection

  • Scalpel- small, sharp knife to dissect the specimen

> OBSERVING:

  • Coverslip - used to cover specimen when on the glass slide

  • Glass slide - provides a mounting surface

  • Magnifying glass - magnifies small objects

  • Microscope - used to enlarge images that are not seen with the naked eye

> HEATING:

  • Alcohol lamp - uses alcohol to heat

  • Bunsen Burner - used to heat, has a knob

LESSON 2: PARTS OF THE ATOM

> ATOM - smallest particle and smallest unit of life

> PARTS OF AN ATOM:

(subatomic particles)

  • Proton: positive charge (+)

  • Neutron: no/neutral charge

  • Electron: negative charge (-)

(Nucleus: middle of the atom, contains PROTONS AND NEUTRONS)

> HOW TO FIND:

  • Mass number: PROTON + NEUTRON

  • Atomic number: PROTONS

  • Neutrons: MASS NO. — PROTONS

LESSON 3: ELEMENTS 1-30

  1. Hydrogen - (H)

  2. Helium - (He)

  3. Lithium - (Li)

  4. Beryllium - (Be)

  5. Boron - (B)

  6. Carbon - (C)

  7. Nitrogen - (N)

  8. Oxygen - (O)

  9. Fluorine - (F)

  10. Neon - (Ne)

  11. Sodium - (Na)

  12. Magnesium - (Mg)

  13. Aluminum - (Al)

  14. Silicon - (Si)

  15. Phosphorus - (P)

  16. Sulfur - (S)

  17. Chlorine - (Cl)

  18. Argon - (Ar)

  19. Potassium - (K)

  20. Calcium - (Ca)

  21. Scandium - (Sc)

  22. Titanium - (Ti)

  23. Vanadium - (V)

  24. Chromium - (Cr)

  25. Manganese - (Mn)

  26. Iron - (Fe)

  27. Cobalt - (Co)

  28. Nickel - (Ni)

  29. Copper - (Cu)

  30. Zinc - (Zn)

LESSON 4: ZAPEN

> ELEMENT NOTATION

MASS NO. (TOP), ATOMIC NO. (BOTTOM)

  • Z - Atomic Number

  • A - Mass Number

  • P - Protons

  • E - Electrons

  • N - Neutrons

> IONS: atoms or molecules that have a POSITIVE or NEGATIVE CHARGE

  • CATIONS - POSITIVELY CHARGED ATOMS (+ at the top) less electrons, formed by loosing electrons (minus the number next to the + sign to the given electrons)

MINUS 2 DUE TO THE +2 AT THE TOP

  • ANIONS - NEGATIVELY CHARGED ATOMS (- at the top) more electrons, formed by gaining electrons (plus the number next to the - sign to the given electrons)

PLUS 2 DUE TO THE -2 AT THE TOP

(NEUTRAL ATOMS: atoms with equal amount of protons and electrons)

(ISOTOPES: atoms with same number of protons and different number of neutrons)

LESSON 5: ELECTRON CONFIGURATION

CHART MADE BY Niels Bohr

> 4 TYPES OF SUBSHELLS:

  • S - max 2 electrons in shell

  • P - max 6 electrons in shell

  • D - max 10 electrons in shell

  • F - max 14 electrons in shell

    (1st shell - max 2 electrons)

    (2nd shell - max 8 electrons)

    (3rd shell - max 18 electrons)

    (4th shell - max 32 electrons)

(once a shell/energy level is full, move to the next item shown in the chart above)

(number on top of letter shows if a shell is full or not. If its not full yet, keep adding until it is)

Look at atomic number (bottom) for guide

> SHORTHAND: write the shorthand based off the electron configuration

  • 1st energy level: presented by “)” and is identified by the number 1. write the amount of electrons (number above the letter) inside the parenthesis. MAX 2

  • 2nd energy level: same as the rest, is identified by the number 2. MAX 8

  • 3rd energy level: same as the rest, is identified by the number 3. MAX 18

  • 4th energy level: same as the rest, is identified by the number 4. MAX 32

EXAMPLE:

> HELIUM (2)

  • electron configuration: 1s²

  • shorthand: 2)

> NEON (10)

  • electron configuration: 1s²2s²2p^6

  • shorthand: 2)8)

(add numbers that are only in the same energy level)

LESSON 6: BOHR’S ATOMIC MODEL

> HOW TO DRAW IT:

  • draw a small circle in the middle that represents the NUCLEUS and write the element symbol inside

  • draw bigger circles around it, representing the ENERGY LEVELS (based on shorthand)

  • draw BIG SHADED CIRCLES on each energy level, representing ELECTRONS (based on shorthand too)

  • draw the electrons from TOP TO BOTTOM, CLOCKWISE until the energy levels are full and you have to move to the next