Cabin Crew Initial Training Day 4: Fire and Smoke

Fire and Smoke: Cabin Crew Initial Training Day 4

This document provides detailed notes covering fire and smoke management, and survival guidelines for cabin crew initial training.

Classes of Fire

Different types of fire require different extinguishing methods for effective suppression.

Fire Classes and Extinguishing Agents

Smoke Characteristics by Fire Class

Fire-Fighting Procedures

Basic Principles

• Form a team (if applicable) and communicate.

• Identify the type and source of fire or smoke.

• Extinguish the fire immediately and aggressively.

• Communicate with the flight crew.

• Collect all necessary firefighting equipment.

• Watch for re-ignition.

• Re-seat passengers away from fire/heat; instruct them to protect nose and mouth with tissues.

Fire-Fighting Actions

1. First Cabin Crew Member (Firefighter):

   • Alert other CC.

   • Locate the fire (check for heat if needed).

   • Attack it immediately & aggressively (grab nearest extinguisher, activate & test it, press for full depletion).

   • Use additional equipment (such as PBE, fireproof gloves), if the situation requires, and cool the fire area to prevent re-ignition.

2. Other Cabin Crew Members (Situation Manager):

   • Supply additional firefighting equipment to the firefighter or replace the firefighter if needed.

   • Move oxygen equipment away from the fire area.

   • Move passengers away from the fire area, and if possible, distribute protective materials or advise how to use them.

   • Close cold air outlets in the fire area and keep the aisle free of obstacles.

3. One Cabin Crew Member (Communicator):

   • Give a full report to the FD crew as soon as possible (via interphone) and keep them constantly informed.

Communicator's Report to Flight Deck

The communicator should keep the flight deck continuously informed.

• Location: Where is the fire?

• Source: What is burning?

• Density/Severity: How bad is the fire/smoke?

• Action in Progress: What actions are being taken?

• Number of Hand-Held Fire Extinguishers Used: How many extinguishers have been used?

• Time: When did the fire start?

Single Cabin Crew Operation

If operating as a single cabin crew, prioritize:

1. Extinguish fire immediately and aggressively.

2. Communicate with the flight crew.

3. Collect all necessary fire fighting equipment if more needed.

4. Re-seat passengers away from fire/heat, instruct to protect nose and mouth with tissues.

5. Watch for re-ignition.

Hot Spot Check

Detecting the “hot spot” helps identify the possible fire location or its source. The hot spot is an abnormally warm area (“hot spot check” is performed with the back part of the hand).

PBE (Protective Breathing Equipment) Usage

• Ensure the seal of the PBE makes firm contact around the neck skin and fits securely.

• Quickly remove all hair and any clothing/shirt collars that can interfere with the neck and the seal.

• Do not open the neck seal except to quickly tuck in hair or adjust the hood’s position.

• After removing the PBE, do not enter an area exposed to the fire or open flame and shake the hair to free it from oxygen bubbles (due to possible oxygen saturation of the hair).

• After removal, the PBE shall be handled as dangerous goods.

Lithium Battery Fire

Hazards

Lithium batteries can overheat to the point of thermal runaway, and this pressure may potentially produce an explosion.

Procedure

1. Use hand-held fire extinguishers to extinguish the fire.

2. Discharge the extinguisher as long as the flames are visible (hold the extinguisher in vertical position to empty it fully).

3. If it is safe to approach the device, it must be cooled down with a large amount of water or other non-alcoholic liquid.

   • While cooling the battery, use fireproof/protective gloves and PBE-as a precautionary measure.

4. Do not cover the device directly with ice or dry ice to cool it down, as this only insulates the area around the device.

5. When the device is considered to be cool enough to be moved, it must be stored for landing.

6. Relocate passengers away from the device.

Storage

1. Bring a metal box or an empty metal waste bin and place the device inside, pour plenty of water into the bin/box.

2. Move the bin with the device into one of the AFT lavatories and place it on the floor.

3. Monitor regularly as continuous cooling might be needed even if the bin is overflooded - the water in the bin may boil and evaporate.

4. The lavatory shall be locked for the rest of the flight after making sure that the device is cooled down completely.

Dry Ice Precautions

Dry ice is classified as Dangerous Goods but may be carried by passengers in small quantities of not more than 2.5 kg in accordance with IATA Dangerous Goods regulations. Dry ice is used as catering equipment for food preservation.

• Use only for storage of catering items for food preservation or cooling effects.

• Keep unsealed to allow the release of CO_2 gas and avoid explosions.

• Do not store it in enclosed compartments or sealed galley stowage to avoid suffocation from gas vaporization.

• Handle only with protective equipment to avoid frostbite (e.g., gloves, tongs).

• Ice, dry ice, or other materials insulate the device, increasing the likelihood that additional battery cells will ignite.

Lavatory Fire

Risks

• Lavatories do not offer a clear view to the crew, so a fire might remain undetected for a long period.

• Lavatories contain highly combustible materials (e.g., paper).

• Lavatories offer passengers privacy, which may result in the use of cigarette products.

Legal Requirements

Lavatory fire protection requirements apply to airplanes with a passenger capacity of 20 or more:

• Installation of smoke detectors that provide warning signals in the cockpit and in the passenger cabin.

• Installation of automatic fire extinguishers in the lavatory trash receptacles.

• Placing “no smoking” signs on both sides of lavatory doors.

• Informing the passengers during the in-flight briefing that smoking is prohibited in the lavatories.

• Placing ashtrays at conspicuous locations both inside and outside the lavatories, regardless of whether smoking is not allowed in any other part of the airplane.

First Recommendations

• Check if anyone is inside!

• Perform the hot spot check!

• Use PBE and protective gloves whenever entering the lavatory!

Door Is Hot

1. Inform other crew members.

2. Take the nearest hand-held fire extinguisher and test it (to make sure that it works).

3. Keep standing behind the lavatory door, using it as a shield by positioning yourself behind it while fighting the fire.

4. Open the lavatory door carefully, just enough to pass the nozzle of the fire extinguisher.

5. Fully empty the hand-held fire extinguisher.

6. Close the lavatory door.

Door Is Not Hot

1. Inform other crew members.

2. Open the lavatory door carefully, go into the LAV wearing PBE and protective gloves.

3. Look for and locate the source of smoke/fire with a hand-held fire extinguisher on stand-by.

4. If a fire appears - extinguish the fire immediately.

5. Use water to cool the fire area if electrics are not involved.

6. Check that area frequently.

Part 2 (Both Scenarios)

1. Wait a few minutes.

2. Beware of re-ignition with additional equipment on stand-by.

3. Cool the fire area if electrics are not involved-to prevent re-ignition.

4. Check that area frequently.

Overhead Compartment Fire

The source of these fires is often caused by items found in the passengers’ hand luggage, e.g., lithium batteries powering the personal electronic devices (PEDs) or electrical malfunctions in the passenger service unit (PSU).

Overhead Compartment Is Hot

1. Inform other cabin crew.

2. Perform the hot spot check.

3. Consider using PBE and fireproof gloves.

4. Open the overhead compartment slightly (just enough to pass the nozzle of the hand-held fire extinguisher).

5. Aim the nozzle at the fire source directly & discharge it fully.

6. Close the overhead compartment.

Part 2

1. Wait a few minutes.

2. Recheck for heat & repeat the fire-fighting procedure, if necessary.

3. Check the interior of the compartment; optionally, one may cool the area with water if no electrical wiring is involved.

4. If the source was a lithium battery, cool it completely:

   • Bring an empty metal box to the scene and place the cooled device into it.

   • Pour more water over the device and bring the box to a safe place.

Crew Rest Compartment Fire

Firefighting procedures for crew rest compartments usually involve one or more members of the cabin crew using appropriate protective equipment to manually suppress the fire with a handheld fire extinguisher. In some cases, the fire is extinguished remotely by using a built-in halon fire extinguishing system plumbed to the compartment.

For larger crew rest compartments, the air distribution system’s air shut off valve closes, preventing air conditioning flow to the crew rest compartment to better contain smoke and facilitate crew fire-fighting procedures.

Fire Development

The Cabin Crew needs to expect the unexpected and always look out for any fire re-ignition, as fires may not always develop in the usual areas such as the lavatory or an overhead compartment.

Fires can also be triggered in hidden areas such as the cargo, behind the ceiling/ fuselage panels, engine, etc.

Effects of Passenger Compartment (Cabin) Fire

A significant fire in the passenger cabin, a lavatory, galley, or luggage compartment within the cabin during flight is among the worst situations that crew can be faced with.

Effects may include:

• Crew Incapacitation: Heat, toxic smoke, and fumes building up in this confined space can quickly incapacitate the crew and passengers and may lead to death by suffocation or the inhalation of toxic gasses.

• Loss of control of the passengers: Panic among passengers, rushing to either end of the aeroplane may create an out of balance condition making the aircraft difficult to control.

• Aircraft systems may be damaged leading to a loss of control situation.

• Time is critical - an established in-flight fire is difficult to bring under control, so every effort, using immediate and aggressive action, must be made to extinguish the fire as soon as it is detected.

Galley Fire

Procedure

1. Switch OFF the power of the respective equipment/appliance.

2. Pull out the associated circuit breaker that is located on the galley electrical panel.

3. Inform the FD and other CC immediately.

4. Prepare a hand-held fire extinguisher, PBE and fireproof gloves.

5. Aim the nozzle at the fire source directly & discharge it fully until no flames are visible.

6. Do not use water!

7. Wait a few minutes

8. Recheck for heat & repeat the fire-fighting procedure if necessary.

In addition to ovens, there is a lot of equipment in the galley which could cause a fire, so the CC must never assume that a fire has been totally extinguished and should constantly monitor the area!

Liquids should not be used on electrical items or wiring!

On all non-electrical fires, use non-alcoholic beverages to soak the area and to put down any potential re-ignition.

Person on Fire

1. Relocate passengers.

2. Get a hand-held fire extinguisher, PBE & fireproof gloves.

3. Discharge the extinguisher as long as the flames are visible.

4. Once the fire is out, use any non-flammable liquid to dampen the area (if no electricity is involved).

5. A secondary option for small cabin fires is to cover the fire with a non-synthetic material (coat, curtain, etc.) which cuts out the fire’s oxygen.

6. In case the fire was coming from a lithium battery, cool it and place the device into an empty metal box or empty waste bin and move it into the AFT lavatory.

7. Wrap the person in a non-synthetic material (e.g. curtain or coat) from the head/neck down.

8. Lay the person on the floor.

9. When the fire is extinguished, cool the skin with water for at least 10 minutes.

10. Do not remove the clothing.

11. Give first aid.

Fire extinguishers should never be used on human beings, as it is toxic.

Engine/APU Fire

An engine fire is normally detected and contained satisfactorily by the aircraft fire detection and suppression systems.

• Pilots are activating the ENGINE/APU fire extinguishers.

• After the completion of the fire fighting, possibly the aircraft will be landed.

• Cabin crew might be asked by the flight deck crew to evacuate the aircraft after landing.

On modern commercial aircraft, engine compartments are divided into 2 zones for the purposes of fire protection. Halon is installed into these zones. In zone 1 the halon is going to spread around to kill the fire, if Zone 2 is activated then the engine is going to be shut down.

Circuit Breakers

Are automatic electrical switches which protect an electrical circuit from damage in case of an electrical overload/over-heating. They basically interrupt the current flow by, for example, tripping out of the normal position.

In the aircraft circuit breakers (CB) are installed in various places, however the most common ones are in the flight deck and the galleys.

Emergency Operation

Basic function of a CB: is to interrupt current flow to protect equipment (from overheating) and prevent the risk of fire.

In the event of an electrical fire, switch OFF the relevant equipment and pull out the associated circuit breaker.

This removes the heat from the fire and helps in the extinguishing process.

IF A CIRCUIT BREAKER TRIPS DO NOT RE-ENGAGE IT! (it may result in temperature increase & smoke emission)

INFORM SCC & CMD immediately!

Smoke

Is a visible suspension of carbon and other toxic particles in the air, typically emitted from a burning substance.

In the environment of an aircraft smoke may impair judgment and affect performance, unless the crew takes rapid action; smoke can travel big distances from the base of the fire due to the cabin air’s circulation.

Identifying the Source of the Smoke

It is wise to treat a smoke occurrence as a fire, until it has been proven otherwise.

If the source of the smoke is connected to an electrical source (e.g., coffeemaker), the circuit breaker relating to that equipment should be pulled.

Mushrooming Effect

Smoke travels vertically & sideways

Fumes

Are particles made of vapor, dust or smoke emitted by a substance because of heating, explosion or various chemical reactions.

Fumes are very fine solid particles suspended in the air, which are irritating, hazardous and usually toxic.

As odors and fumes can disappear as quickly as they are noticed, reports of such events should include the time the odor was present, a description of the odor (where possible) and the time it dissipated.

Requirements for Aerodrome Rescue & Fire-Fighting Services (RFFS)

ICAO defines the requirements for aerodrome Rescue & Fire-Fighting Services (RFFS) in Annex 14.

RFFS deals with:

• INCIDENT RESPONSE

• HAZARD MITIGATION

• SAVING HUMAN LIVES

• FIRE- FIGHTING

• RESCUE OF PASSENGERS AND CREW

• EVACUATION

Foam

The foam allows fire-fighters to coat the materials burning or are at risk of burning, which cuts off the oxygen supply that a fire needs.

Risk: the foam is extremely slippery and can reduce visibility of objects and person because of the texture.

Emergency Hand Signals

It is important that pilots and cabin crew, as an absolute minimum, should clearly understand the following emergency hand signals that may be issued by fire fighting personnel, and also by marshallers and ground crew when indicating the location of a fire (e.g., engine, APU, brakes).

In an emergency it is always preferable, but not always possible or expedient, to communicate using voice via radio or interphone.

Fire Signal

ICAO describes this signal as moving the right-hand wand in a "fanning" motion from shoulder to knee, while at the same time pointing with the left-hand wand to the area of fire (which might be an engine, APU, brake, or elsewhere).

Recommended Evacuation Signal

Used when an evacuation is recommended by the person making the signal. The signalling arm is extended horizontally from the body, with the hand upraised at eye level and the palm turned towards the signaller, away from the pilot. Then an inviting gesture is made angling the arm backward from the elbow. The non-inviting arm is held against the body. At night the same is done with lit wands.

Recommended Stop Signal

Signaling a Recommendation that Activity, or Progress is Stopped (including evacuation if in progress). Used to get pilots to immediately stop any activity that is in progress; this could be aircraft movement or even evacuation, if an evacuation is already in progress. Crossed arms, at the wrists, above and in front of the head. At night the same is done with lit wands.

All Clear Signal

Signaling that the Emergency is Contained. Used when there is no outside evidence of dangerous conditions or "All Clear". Start with arms extended outward and down at a 45 degree angle. Then move arms inward below waistline simultaneously until wrists crossed, then extend outward to starting position. At night the same is done with lit wands.

Break-in Points (Cut-Zones)

When accessing the aircraft, it may not always be possible for the RFFS to use the doors. That is why airplane manufacturers mark so called “break in” points on the exterior of the fuselage, which if used pose the least threat and are areas easier to cut (e.g. they contain structural elements, have a lower amount of wiring, hydraulic links and oxygen/air conditioning supplies). These points are usually a red or yellow dashed line with the word "Cut here in emergency" written next to them.

Survival Guidelines

These are a set of basic rules meant to support the resourcefulness of the survivors after an emergency landing in a deserted area, with the purpose of preserving life until the arrival of the search and rescue teams (SAR).

Psychology of Survival

It takes much more than the knowledge and skills to live successfully through a survival situation. A key ingredient is the mental status. Having survival skills is important, having the will to survive is essential.

• Post crash shock

• Injury and illness

• Thirst and hunger

• Cold and heat

• Fatigue and sleep deprivation

• Depression

• Fear and anxiety

• Panic

• Hopeless and boredom

The ALPHA Role

Distributing the tasks and duties are mandatory elements of an Alpha among the survivals.

Without exact tasks/duties the survivals' behavior can be dangerous and can affect the others mindset too.

Crew might consider to take the role of the Alpha if the situation permits.

The Will to Survive

In an emergency survival situation, your best ally is your own self- confidence and instinct. The first step is to size up your situation.

• Size up your Surroundings: know what is around you and determine what can be used to your advantage.

• Size up your Physical Condition: do you have any wounds or injuries? Are you at risk for an injury (such as hypothermia)? What do you need to do to stay at a maximum level of health and well-being?

In any survival situation, there are priorities. These priorities are established based on how long a human can survive without each item:

• Air (3 minutes)

• Shelter (3 hours)

• Rest (30 hours)

• Water (3 days)

• Food (30 days)

STOP!

STOP is an acronym for Sit, Think, Observe, and Plan:

The 4 Principles of Survival

• PROTECTION

• LOCATION

• WATER

• FOOD

Protection Aids

Life-vests, Slides, Trolleys, Seat cushions, Passenger luggage, Aircraft, Extra clothing, Trees, leaves etc Constructing a fire away from the aircraft wreckage.

Temperature: Normally 36.9 ˚C, but can fluctuate between 34.4 ˚C and 41.1˚C. If it sinks or rises beyond these temperatures, death occurs (unless intensive medical care is available).

• Cold: Hypothermia

• Heat and Sun: Heat exhaustion, dehydration, sunstroke, severe burning, sight issues

Conserving Body Fluid

What can we do to conserve the body fluid and avoid dehydration?

• Do not eat too much

• Do not drink alcohol

• Do not exercise if not necessary

Distress Signals for Locating Survivors

• ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter 121.5 MgHz.

• MIRROR highly effective during daytime

• FLASHLIGHT highly effective during the night

• FIRE/SMOKE TO CONTRAST THE ENVIRONMENT

  • During the day or in a snow-covered environment create black smoke from oil or rubber,

  • In a dark environment/ dense greenery create a white/grey smoke from greenery, damp wood, leaves, moss, etc.

• SIGNALING DEVICES

  • Signaling is simply the fact of communicating:

    • The communicator (Survivor)

    • The message (SOS)

    • The receiver (Rescue Personnel)

  • Signal devices: pyrotechnics, electronics (ELT, flashlight etc.), other (whistle, water activated lights, mirror etc.

    • Daylight signaling devices (e.g. mirror)

    • Night signaling devices (e.g. flashlight)

• DISTRESS SIGNALS

  • REQUIRE ASSISTANCE V

  • REQUIRE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE X

  • NO / NEGATIVE N

  • YES /AFFIRMATIVE Y

  • PROCEEDING IN THIS DIRECTION →

  • DISTRESS SIGNALS can be made out of strips of fabrics, wood or stone.

  • These symbols should be at least 2,5 meters long and must be clearly visible from above the air.

• DO NOT Drink salty water or urine

• Exercise or swim long distances

• Eat unnecessarily

• Consume alcohol

• DO Drink water even if in cold regions

• Ratio the water with a minimum of half a liter/person/day

• Try to conserve body fluids

• Urination: reduce fluid intake

• Vomiting: take pills against sea sickness

• Bleeding: carry out first aid actions

• CARBOHYDRATE Food like pasta or bread are more easily digested and utilize smaller amounts of water.

• PROTEIN Minimize protein and fat food like meat or fish because they utilize a large amount of water in the digestive process.

Ditching

If presented with the choice of ditching on land or in the water, the pilots’ best choice may be to put the aircraft down in a lake, river, or maybe near a beach.

SURVIVAL AFTER AN EMERGENCY LANDING ON WATER (DITCHING) The following steps can be followed for the slide’s inflation and water operation:

• the outside water level must be determined (it must be below the door opening);

• after the evacuation slide has been properly inflated, the evacuation can start;

• after the evacuation, the slide can be disconnected from the aircraft and used as a flotation device or slide-raft;

• after the slide-raft was detached, it can be completely detached from the aircraft (by cutting the mooring line that keeps the slide connected onto the aircraft);

• many commercial aircraft have survival rafts located in the cabin that needs to be manually moved into the water.

USING A SURVIVAL RAFT

• Effective raft management (distribution of passengers, deploying sea anchor).

• Erecting the raft canopy.

• Raft maintenance and use of survival kit (leak stoppers, water pumper etc).

• Distribution of duties to passengers.

SURVIVAL IN THE WATER without a raft

• avoid a lot of movement;

• swim on your back with small movements only;

• avoid moving your legs too much.

• RISK OF HYPOTHERMIA!

  • ELT, Flares, Flashlight , Stay together, Do not take the live vest off (the colour helps).

  • slat water will dehydrate you and make your health worse.

• IF ALONE (fetus-like position) adopt the fetus-like position in order to preserve heat around the vital organs and around the whole body.

• IF IN A GROUP (huddle)

HYPOTHERMIA

• form a tight circle, minimize movement;

• instruct pax. on what to do: put infants, children and injured persons in the center of the huddle;

• hold on the slide/floating device if any, put infants, children and injured persons on the top of the device.

WATER

Do not drink salt water! The kidneys cannot cope with it.

• Use the water and drink supply from the aircraft;

• Use the water supply from the survival kit if applicable;

• Use purifying tablets;

• Collect rain water;

• Collect condensation.

SURVIVAL IN WINTER & THE RISK OF HYPOTHERMIA

In order to conserve heat, it is essential to have a large number of people in a tight space or, if possible, use heating units placed strategically over the body (stomach, back, armpit, neck, wrist, between the legs, feet).

Heat loss exceeding the heat generated by the body results in a drop of body temperature and can become fatal if not controlled.

Undress the patient completely and place him/her between two naked persons in a sleeping bag.

OTHER RISKS IN CASE OF WINTER SURVIVAL ARE

• Frostbite-living tissues freeze because of carelessness, neglect or difficult climate conditions after a crash;

• Snow Blindness-a temporary form of blindness caused by the reflection of the light from the snow.

• FIND SOME SHELTER!
  Leave the aircraft and find caves, tree holes, the slides or a shallow trench in the snow and improvise a temporary shelter.

  • A fire triangle made of three small fires is an international distress signal. Fire shall be built in a safe distance from the aircraft wreckage.

  • Do not eat ice directly, it can reduce body temperature.

• Snow and ice should never be eaten directly as this reduces body temperature; snow should be melted first.
  If snow or ice is not available, then boiling should purify any other type of available water.

DESERT SURVIVAL

*Sand desert
*Rock desert
*Salt desert

• Stay out of direct sunlight

• No activity during the daylight

• Stay off the desert floor stay

• Sunburn and sore eyes are very real dangers and are easier to prevent then cure

• Be aware of desert snakes as they can be exremely dangerous.
  *Few techniques that may help you to conserve your internal water (hydration):
  *Proper clothing (Light colors reflect sunlight, keep clothing baggy and layered)

• No smoking (Smoking hastens dehydration)

• No alcohol (Alcohol promotes dehydration)

• No exercise during the daylight

• It is essential to leave the aircraft as quickly as possible, find or improvise some shade and give first aid to the injured.

  • This can be done by scattering suitcases, clothing with bright colors if possible etc., so that anyone sighting the location has no doubt that a disaster has occurred.
    Rain

  1. The outside bend of a dried-up river bed

  2. Condensation of moisture in the air overnight

  3. The foot of a cliff.

  4. In addition to the food from the aircraft, there is animal life in the desert in the form of snakes, lizards, desert rats, tortoises, and locusts etc., all of which are edible. Be aware of desert snakes as they can be exremely dangerous.

JUNGLE SURVIVAL

• Rain forests

• Secondary jungles

• Semi-evergreen seasonal and monsoon forests

• Scrub and thorn forests Savannas Saltwater swamps Freshwater swamps

• INSECT is the biggest enemy

• Because of the abundance in wildlife and water, the jungle may be considered as the easiest way to survive.

• Insects may be considered as the biggest danger in tropical forests. If no insects’ repellent is available, one can cover the exposed skin with mud-as a protection against insect bites.

• Consider the first need of PROTECTION-at first even an overhead shelter from leaves might be better than nothing.
  It is essential to leave the aircraft as quickly as possible. Since there is little real hospitality in the jungle environment, apart from the torrential rain, a roof over your head (from leaves) where you can give first aid to the injured, is all that is required initially.

• The springs and rivers are the roads of the jungle! It is best to move towards them!

• Scatter life-vests and clothing in any clear space in order to provide contrasting color. If possible, move to the site of a river/lake where your location aids will be more efficient.

• There is no shortage of food in the jungle, but do not rely only on animals, as they are difficult to find and catch.
  *There is no shortage of water in the jungle with the rain and small streams in abundance. Any water obtained from pools, streams, rivers must be purified by boiling it if possible.

• Avoid brightly colored plants.Do not eat anything with a milky sap. Avoid all jungle fungus

SEARCH AND RESCUE

If the rescuer doesn't know where you are, then it is your responsibility to tell them (use any location aid: flight plan, radio call, Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT), mirror, flashlight, fire etc.). If they know where you are, then it's yours and the rescuer's responsibility to get you home.
The SAVING OF HUMAN LIVES IS OF PRIME IMPORTANCE AND HAS PRIORITY OVER ANY OTHER MISSION!

Basic understanding of elementary survival techniques could make the difference between life and death.

When the SAR teams arrive, crew members may have to decide who should be rescued first: injured persons and women with children.

Key words for Preparation for the CAA Theoretical Exam – FIRE & SMOKE

1. Elements of fire

2. Classes of fire

3. Characteristic of smoke

4. Firefighting equipment

5. Emergencies involving fire and smoke

6. Firefighting procedures

7. Fire prevention

8. Mushrooming effect

9. Role of circuit breakers

10. Monitoring of fire/smoke affected area

11. Communication/reporting during fire.

PREPARATION FOR THE CAA THEORETICAL EXAM – SURVIVAL

1. Distress and urgency signals

2. 4 Principles of survival in a hostile environment

3. What to eat

4. Sun exposure & how to protect from it

5. Protection and Location aids

6. Search and Rescue Teams

7. Water, winter, desert, jungle survival

8. ELT.