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Migration

a form of relocation diffusion

Place

a specific point on Earth that has a specific characteristic

Region

an area of earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristics

Scale

the relationship between the portion of earth being studied and the earth as a whole

Space

the physical gap or interval between two objects

Connection

the relationships among people and objects across the barrier of space

GI Science

the analysis of data acquired through satellites and other electronic information technologies

GPS

Global Positioning System

Mashups

a map that overlays data from one source on top of a map provided by a mapping service

Cartography

the science of making maps

Reference Maps

maps that show locations of places and geographic features

Thematic Maps

maps are a degree of an attribute; patterns of distribution or movement and use relative location

Latitudinal Line

lines that go east west around the globe (lines are labeled either north or south)

Longitudinal Line

lines that run north and south around the globe (lines are labeled either east or west)

Equator

0° latitude

North Pole

90° North

South Pole

90° South

Prime Meridian

0° longitude

International Date Line

an arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude

Time Zone

a geographic region in which the same standard time is kept

Greenwich Mean Time

the time at the prime meridian (0° longitude) that is the master reference time for all points on earth

Cultural Landscape

a combination of cultural features and physical features

Formal Region

an area where everyone shares one or more distinctive characteristics

ex. same crop is grown at a certain period; same language used (also called a uniform region)

Functional Region

area organized around a node or focal point

usually used for economic information, shopping, or trade (also called a nodal region)

Vernacular Region

region where people identify their culture; not as scientific as the other two; mental maps can be used to create vernacular regions (also called perceptual region)

Globalization

actions or processes that involved the entire world and result in making something worldwide in scope

Transnational Corporation

corporations that have factories, employees, and sells products in more places than their headquarters have been established (ex. McDonald's)

Distribution

the arrangement of features in space

Density

the amount of objects in a space

Concentration

how items are spread out in a space

Clustered

close together

Dispersed

far apart

Pattern

the geometric arrangement of a feature in space

Expansion Diffusion

the spread of a feature from one place to another

Relocation Diffusion

the spread of a feature through the physical movement of people

How is human geography different from history?

human geography is identifying the location of important places, explaining why one human activity is found near another, and asks where and why. history identifies dates of important events, explains why one activity follows another chronologically, and asks when and why

What are the two questions human geographers ask?

Where and why?

What are the five basic elements of geography?

place, region, scale, space, and connection

What are the two key decisions related to making a map?

what and where

How are reference maps & thematic maps different from each other?

reference maps show locations of features and use absolute values while thematic maps are a degree of an attribute, patterns of distribution or movement and use relative location

reference maps

shows locations of places and geographic features

thematic maps

maps that tell stories and typically show the degree of an attribute or movement

What are the three different ways map scale is presented on maps?

a ratio or fraction, a written scale, or a graphic scale

How does distortion occur on maps?

1. the shape of an area can be distorted
2. the distance between two points may become increased or decreased
3. the relative size of an area can be altered
4. the direction from one place to another can be distorted

How do geographers identify location? (3 ways)

meridians, latitude and longitude, and parallels

How are coordinates used to identify unique locations on a map?

latitude and longitude are used together to identify locations. a location can be designated more precisely by dividing each degree into 60 minutes (') and each minute into 60 seconds (")

What makes up cultural landscape of places?

cultural landscape is made up of cultural features such as language and religion, economic features such as agriculture and industry, and physical features such as climate and vegetation

What are the three types of regions and how are they different from each other?

1. a formal region is an area within which most people share one or more distinctive characteristics that could be a language, production of a crop, or climate.

2. a functional region is an area organized around a focal point. the characteristic chosen to define a functional region dominates at a central focus and the region is tied to the central point by transportation, communications, or economic associations

3. a vernacular region is an area that people believe exists as part of their cultural identity. these regions emerge from people’s informal sense of place rather than from scientific models and geographic thought

How do transnational corporations contribute to globalization?

transnational corporations conduct research, operate factories, and sell products in other countries, not just where its headquarters are located. this contributes to globalization because every place in the world is part of the global economy, but globalization has led to more specialization at the local level. each place plays a distinctive role based on its local assets, as assessed by transnational corporations

What are the pros of globalization?

with the globalization of communications, people in two distant places can watch the same TV program or talk on the phone using the internet. In a global culture, companies can target groups of consumers with similar tastes in different parts of the world

How does globalization affect culture?

local cultural beliefs, forms, and traits are threatened by interaction with popular social customs put in place by globalization

What are the cons of globalization?

local cultural beliefs and forms can be threatened. the survival of a local culture’s distinctive traits may be threatened by interaction with popular social customs

How is distribution associated with space?

the three distribution properties have to do with space

What are three properties of distribution?

density, concentration, and pattern

How are the three properties of distribution different from each other?

density is the amount of objects in a space, concentration is how items are spread out in a space (clustered/dispersed), and pattern is the geometric arrangement of a feature in space

How are the three types of diffusion different from each other?

hierarchical diffusion is the spread of an idea from someone authority or power to other people or places. contagious diffusion is the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic that occurs when something goes viral, stimulus diffusion is the spread of an underlying principle, and relocation diffusion is the spread of a feature through physical movement of people from one place to another

What are the four types of diffusion?

contagious, hierarchical, stimulus, relocation

contagious diffusion

the rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic that occurs when something goes viral (ex. music)

hierarchical diffusion

the spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places (ex. the spread of ideas from political leaders or socially elite)

stimulus diffusion

the spread of an underlying principle (ex. innovative features of Apple’s iPhone)

relocation diffusion

the spread of a feature through physical movement of people from one place to another

What is the difference between population & population density?

population is a subgroup of individuals within the same species that are living and breeding within a geographic area

while population density is the number of humans living within an area

Plateaus

large highland areas of mostly level land separated by steep slopes

Mesas

elevated land areas with a flat top and sides that are usually steep that are usually found in an arid

environment formed by erosion

Peninsulas

an extension of land from a larger body of land surrounded by water on 3 sides

Basins

natural depressions in the surface of the land often with a lake at the bottom

Gulfs

arms of a sea or ocean that extend into land

Straits

narrow channel of the sea joining two bodies of water that are usually fought over by multiple countries for

access to the sea or ocean

Frontiers

a zone where no country has complete political control

Boundaries

a line that marks the extent of a country’s territory

Physical Boundaries

a boundary where there is a significant physical feature

Cultural Boundaries

a boundry not seen with a map or the eyes that usually separates people who have different cultural backgrounds

Geometric Boundaries

based on human constructs; lines just drawn on a map, no actual barrier there that’s not man-made

Compact State

a state where the distance from center to any boundary does not vary significantly

Perforated State

a state that completely surrounds another one

Prorupted State

a compact state with a large projecting extension

Elongated State

a state long & narrow shape

Fragmented State

a state with several discontinuous pieces of territories

Landlocked State

a state that is completely surrounded by the land of other states

What are the differences between physical, cultural, & geometric boundaries?

a physical boundary is a boundary where there is a significant physical feature. a cultural boundary is a boundary not seen with a map that separates people who have different cultural backgrounds. a geometric boundary is a boundary based on human constructs and lines just drawn on a map

Why are there so many conflicts over boundaries?

because of economic, political, agricultural, cultural, and religious beliefs that separate a region

What are the pros & cons of various state shapes?

compact and perforated states are good for transportation and trade within the state; and landlocked and fragmented states could have trouble with trade and transportation and a lack of direct access to the open sea affects the economy

Population Concentration

areas of the world with large population density

Population Density

the number of humans living within an area

Arithmetic Density

the total number of objects in an area

Physiological Density

the number of people per unit area of arable land

Agricultural Density

the ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Natural Increase Rate

the percentage by which a population grows in a year

Crude Birth Rate

the total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Crude Death Rate

the total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society

Doubling Time

the number of years needed to double a population

Demographic Transition

a process of change in a society’s population from high crude birth and death rates with low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and higher total population

Sex Ratio

the number of males per 100 females in the population

Maternal Mortality Ratio

the annual number of female deaths per 100,000 live births from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management

Zero Population Growth

when the birth rate equals the death rate

Dependency Ratio

the number of people who are too young or too old to work compared to the number of people in their productive years

Infant Mortality Ratio

the annual number of deaths of infants under 1 year of age compared with total live births

Elderly Support Ratio

the number of working-age people divided by the number of persons 65 and older

Population Pyramids

a bar graph that displays the percentage of a place’s population for each age and gender

Overpopulation

a condition in which the number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living

Geography

the study of the earth and how people live on it

Thomas Malthus

an english economist that was one of the first to argue that the world’s rate of population increase was far more the development of food supplies

Emigration

migration from a location (exiting)

Immigration

migration into a new country (entering)

Pull Factors

reasons why people decide to a new location

Push Factors

reasons people decide to move away from their present location

Internal Migration

a permanent move within the same country

Interregional Migration

moving from one region of a country to another

Intraregional Migration

movement within a region

International Migration

permanent move from one country to the other

Quotas

maximum limit on the number of people who could immigrate to a country for a period of time

Brain Drain

a large-scale emigration by talented people such as doctors

Chain Migration

migration to a location because of relatives

Remittances

the transfer of money by workers to people in the country they are from

Refugee

a group of people forced to migrate to another country to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, human rights violations, or other disasters & cannot return out of fear of persecution

Asylum Seeker

a person who migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Internationally Displaced Person

a person who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border

What countries are heading towards stage 5?

Japan and China

Analyze & describe what population pyramids show about a country's population

a population pyramid is a bar graph that displays the percentage of a place’s population for each age and gender

How are different countries around the world dealing with overpopulation & aging populations?

better growing techniques, higher-yielding seeds, and cultivation of more land have contributed to the expansion in the food supply

What are the three main flows of migrants in the world today?

from asia to europe, from asia to north america, and from latin america to north america

What are the different types of immigration policies?

1. maintain the current level of immigration
2. increase the level
3. reduce the level
4. no policy

What factors influence government policies?

public opinion, economy, resources, and international relations

Culture

the body of traits, beliefs, & social forms that constitute the distinct tradition of a group of people

Customs

something a group does repetitively

Folk Culture

culture traditionally practiced primarily by small groups living in relative isolation

Popular Culture

culture found in large societies that share certain customs despite differences in other personal

characteristics

Hearth

a center of innovation where culture originates

Cultural Diffusion

the spread of cultural elements from one society to another

Terroir

the sum of the effects on a particular food item of soil, climate, and other features of the local environment

Taboo

a restriction on behavior imposed by social customs

Kosher

food prepared according to Jewish dietary laws

Electronic Media

the principal obstacle to diffusion of popular culture (ex. TV, internet)

Censorship

restriction on unwanted ideas

Language

a system of communication through speech that a group of people understand to have the same meaning

Institutional Language

a language used in education, work, mass media, and government that has a literary tradition

Literary Tradition

a language that is written as well as spoken

Developing Language

a language spoken in daily use by people of all ages that has a literary tradition

Vigorous Language

a language spoken in daily use by people of all ages but lacks a literary tradition

Threatened Language

a language used for face-to-face communication but is losing users

Dying Language

a language that is still used by older people but is not transmitted to children

Extinct Language

a language that was once used by people but is no longer in use

Endangered Language

a language at risk of extinction because it has few surviving speakers

Dialects

a regional variation of a language distinguished by distinctive vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation

What are the origins, diffusion, & distribution of folk culture?

the origins are anonymous, the diffusion is a slow process, and the distribution is influenced and limited by physical factors

What are the origins, diffusion, & distribution of popular culture?

the origins can be traced back to a person or place, the diffusion is rapid and hierarchical, and the distribution is widely distributed with no physical limits

Folk Music

tells stories, can change across generations, and is usually about daily life

Folk Clothing

usually connected to agricultural practices, climate, or religion and is still worn for personal beliefs or celebrate a holiday

Folk Sports

sports with unique local forms of recreation and play and are regionally popular (hockey, cricket)

Folk Food

influenced by environment

Folk Housing

influenced by environmental & cultural features

Popular Music

written by specific individuals and has purpose of being sold or performed in front of large audiences

Popular Clothing

generally reflects occupation or income

Popular Sports

sports played around the world (soccer, basketball)

Popular Food

cultural values are a strong influence and maybe influenced due to politics & religion

Popular Housing

influenced by popular culture and mass-produced by construction companies

What is the role of electronic media with diffusion of culture & most popular means of diffusion?

the latest fashions in material culture and leisure activities can be viewed by anyone with access to electronic media. because of electronic media, people in folk culture have greater awareness of popular culture, and vice versa

What are the different obstacles to access electronic & social media?

lack of access to electronic media

Compare & contrast the different ways the internet is restricted in various countries

banned technology, blocked content, and violated user rights

Banned Technology

regulating technology platforms that are in the country

Blocked Content

websites are censored or prevented from being seen on devices in a particular country (political content, social content, and security content)

Violated User Rights when the government harasses citizens through physical attacks and imprisonment because of their internet

activity and “liking” material considered offensive

What are the five romance languages?

French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian, and Romanian

How are languages created?

stem from dialects and become formalized by the government

How are different dialects formed?

by different regions making their own way of saying things

Universalizing Religions

a religion that attempts to appeal to all people to join; more global

Ethnic Religions

a relgion that has a message that appeals primarily to a certain groups; more regional

Branches

a large and fundamental division within a religion

Denominations

unites a number of local congregations in a single legal and administrative body

Sects

a relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination

Voodoo

a religion practived in Africa that originates from the worship of ancestors and animism

Siddharta Gautama

the founder of Buddhism

Buddha

meaning "enlightened one"

Eightfold Path

as taught by the Buddha, the path one must follow to achieve nirvana

Jesus Christ

founder of Christianity

Messiah

meaning "anointed one"

Muhammad

founder of Islam

Quran

the holy book of Islam

Five Pillars

beliefs that all Muslims need to carry out: faith, prayer, giving, fasting during Ramadan, and taking pilgrimage to Mecca

Solstices

two times in the year, the summer solstice and the winter solstice marked by the longest and shortest days of the year

What are the five major world religions?

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Hinduism, Judaism

Compare & contrast universalizing & ethnic religions

universalizing religions are religions that attempt to appeal to all people to join and ethnic religions are religions that appeal primarily to certain groups

How are religions broken up or divided?

branches, denominations, and sects

What are the major branches of universalizing religions?

Christian: Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox

Islam: Sunnis and Shias

What are the major branches of ethnic religions?
Judaism: Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform

Hinduism: Vaishnavism, Shaivism, Shaktism and Smartism

How were the major religions founded?

Christianity: Jesus Christ

Judaism: Abraham

Islam: Muhammad

Buddhism: Siddhartha Gautama

Hinduism: no individual founder

What are the similarities & differences of various sacred spaces of different religions?

designed differently based on cultural & religious beliefs and may affect physical landscapes differently

What is the role & influence the physical environment & world has on religions?

ethnic religions are highly clustered in specific areas because they are tied to nature or physical elements in those locations which are deemed holy and can't be moved

fundamentalism

literal interpretation & strict adherence to what is defined as the basic principles of a religion, denomination, or branch

How are universalizing religions administered?

must be connected in order to ensure communication & consistency of religious doctrine; methods vary among branches & denominations

How are ethnic religions administered?

tend to not have organized, centralized authorities

Hierarchical Religions

religions with well-defined geographic structures, organized territories, and local administrative units (Mormons, Roman Catholic Church)

Local Autonomous Religions

self-sufficient religions with loosely defined interactions among communities; based on shared ideas, beliefs, & practices (ex. Islam, Protestant)