Introduction to the 2025 Civics Test

The 2025 version of the civics test consists of 128 questions that test knowledge about important topics regarding American government and history.

Exam Structure

• The civics test is administered orally by a USCIS officer.
• An applicant must answer up to 20 questions selected from the 128 questions provided.
• A passing score requires at least 12 correct responses.
• The contents of some answers may change due to elections or appointments. Applicants should visit uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the most recent updates.
• Answers should reflect the current officials at the time of the naturalization interview.

Special Considerations for Older Applicants

• Applicants aged 65 or older who have been lawful permanent residents for 20 or more years can prepare for only 20 specific questions (marked with an asterisk).
• They will answer 10 of these selected questions, needing 6 correct to pass, and may take the test in any language.

AMERICAN GOVERNMENT

Principles of American Government

1. What is the form of government of the United States?
      - Republic
      - Constitution-based federal republic
      - Representative democracy

2. What is the supreme law of the land?
      - (U.S.) Constitution

3. Name one thing the U.S. Constitution does.
      - Forms the government
      - Defines powers of government
      - Defines the parts of government
      - Protects the rights of the people

4. The U.S. Constitution starts with the words “We the People.” What does “We the People” mean?
      - Self-government
      - Popular sovereignty
      - Consent of the governed
      - People should govern themselves
      - Example of social contract

5. How are changes made to the U.S. Constitution?
      - Through Amendments.

6. What does the Bill of Rights protect?
      - The basic rights of Americans.
      - The basic rights of people living in the United States.

7. How many amendments does the U.S. Constitution have?
      - Twenty-seven (27)

8. Why is the Declaration of Independence important?
      - It declares America’s freedom from British control.
      - It asserts that all individuals are created equal.
      - It identifies inherent rights.
      - It identifies individual freedoms.

9. What founding document declared the American colonies free from Britain?
      - Declaration of Independence

10. Name two important ideas from the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.
        - Equality
        - Liberty
        - Social contract
        - Natural rights
        - Limited government
        - Self-government

11. The words “Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness” are found in which founding document?
        - Declaration of Independence

12. What is the economic system of the United States?
        - Capitalism
        - Free market economy

13. What is the rule of law?
        - Everyone must follow the law.
        - Leaders must obey the law.
        - Government must obey the law.
        - No one is above the law.

14. Many documents influenced the U.S. Constitution. Name one.
        - Declaration of Independence
        - Articles of Confederation
        - Federalist Papers
        - Anti-Federalist Papers
        - Virginia Declaration of Rights
        - Fundamental Orders of Connecticut
        - Mayflower Compact
        - Iroquois Great Law of Peace

15. There are three branches of government. Why?
        - To ensure that one part does not become too powerful.
        - To maintain checks and balances.
        - To uphold the separation of powers.

System of Government

16. Name the three branches of government.
        - Legislative, executive, and judicial
        - Congress, President, and the courts

17. The President of the United States is in charge of which branch of government?
        - The Executive branch

18. What part of the federal government writes laws?
        - (U.S.) Congress
        - Legislative branch

19. What are the two parts of the U.S. Congress?
        - Senate and House of Representatives

20. Name one power of the U.S. Congress.
        - Writes laws
        - Declares war
        - Makes the federal budget

21. How many U.S. senators are there?
        - One hundred (100)

22. How long is a term for a U.S. senator?
        - Six (6) years

23. Who is one of your state’s U.S. senators now?
        - Answers will vary.
        - District of Columbia residents and residents of U.S. territories should answer that D.C. has no U.S. senators.

24. How many voting members are in the House of Representatives?
        - Four hundred thirty-five (435)

25. How long is a term for a member of the House of Representatives?
        - Two (2) years

26. Why do U.S. representatives serve shorter terms than U.S. senators?
        - To more closely follow public opinion.

27. How many senators does each state have?
        - Two (2)

28. Why does each state have two senators?
        - For equal representation, particularly for small states.
        - This is known as the Great Compromise (or Connecticut Compromise).

29. Name your U.S. representative.
        - Answers will vary.
        - Residents of territories with nonvoting Delegates or Resident Commissioners may provide the name of that Delegate or Commissioner or state that none exist.

30. What is the name of the Speaker of the House of Representatives now?
        - Visit uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the current name.

31. Who does a U.S. senator represent?
        - Citizens of their state.
        - People of their state.

32. Who elects U.S. senators?
        - Citizens from their state.

33. Who does a member of the House of Representatives represent?
        - Citizens in their congressional district.
        - People in their district.

34. Who elects members of the House of Representatives?
        - Citizens from their congressional district.

35. Some states have more representatives than other states. Why?
        - Due to the state’s population.

36. The President of the United States is elected for how many years?
        - Four (4) years

37. The President of the United States can serve only two terms. Why?
        - Because of the 22nd Amendment.
        - To prevent the presidency from accruing excessive power.

38. What is the name of the President of the United States now?
        - Visit uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the current name.

39. What is the name of the Vice President of the United States now?
        - Visit uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the current name.

40. If the president can no longer serve, who becomes president?
        - The Vice President of the United States.

41. Name one power of the president.
        - Signs bills into law.
        - Vetoes bills.
        - Enforces laws.
        - Commander in Chief of the military.
        - Chief diplomat.
        - Appoints federal judges.

42. Who is Commander in Chief of the U.S. military?
        - The President of the United States.

43. Who signs bills to become laws?
        - The President of the United States.

44. Who vetoes bills?
        - The President of the United States.

45. Who appoints federal judges?
        - The President of the United States.

46. The executive branch has many parts. Name one.
        - President of the United States.
        - Cabinet.
        - Federal departments and agencies.

47. What does the President’s Cabinet do?
        - Advises the President of the United States.

48. What are two Cabinet-level positions?
        - Attorney General
        - Secretary of Agriculture
        - Secretary of Commerce
        - Secretary of Education
        - Secretary of Energy
        - Secretary of Health and Human Services
        - Secretary of Homeland Security
        - Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
        - Secretary of the Interior
        - Secretary of Labor
        - Secretary of State
        - Secretary of Transportation
        - Secretary of the Treasury
        - Secretary of Veterans Affairs
        - Secretary of War (Defense)
        - Vice President

49. Why is the Electoral College important?
        - It decides who is elected president.
        - It provides a compromise between the popular election and congressional selection for the president.

50. What is one part of the judicial branch?
        - Supreme Court
        - Federal Courts

51. What does the judicial branch do?
        - Reviews laws.
        - Explains laws.
        - Resolves disputes about the law.
        - Decides if a law contradicts the (U.S.) Constitution.

52. What is the highest court in the United States?
        - Supreme Court

53. How many seats are on the Supreme Court?
        - Nine (9)

54. How many Supreme Court justices are usually needed to decide a case?
        - Five (5)

55. How long do Supreme Court justices serve?
        - For life or until retirement (lifetime appointment).

56. Why do Supreme Court justices serve for life?
        - To maintain independence from politics.
        - To limit outside political influence.

57. Who is the Chief Justice of the United States now?
        - Visit uscis.gov/citizenship/testupdates for the current name.

58. Name one power that is only for the federal government.
        - Print paper money.
        - Mint coins.
        - Declare war.
        - Create an army.
        - Make treaties.
        - Set foreign policy.

59. Name one power that is only for the states.
        - Provide schooling and education.
        - Provide protection (via police forces).
        - Provide safety (through fire departments).
        - Give a driver’s license.
        - Approve zoning and land use.

60. What is the purpose of the 10th Amendment?
        - It states that powers not granted to the federal government belong to the states or to the people.

61. Who is the governor of your state now?
        - Answers will vary.
        - District of Columbia residents should state that D.C. does not have a governor.

62. What is the capital of your state?
        - Answers will vary.
        - District of Columbia residents should indicate that D.C. is not a state and has no capital.

Rights and Responsibilities

63. Describe one of the four amendments to the U.S. Constitution about who can vote.
        - Citizens eighteen (18) and older can vote.
        - Payment of a poll tax is not required for voting.
        - Any citizen can vote (both women and men).
        - Male citizens of any race can vote.

64. Who can vote in federal elections, run for federal office, and serve on a jury in the United States?
        - Citizens
        - U.S. citizens

65. What are three rights of everyone living in the United States?
        - Freedom of expression
        - Freedom of speech
        - Freedom of assembly
        - Freedom to petition the government
        - Freedom of religion
        - The right to bear arms

66. What do we show loyalty to when we say the Pledge of Allegiance?
        - The United States
        - The flag

67. Name two promises that new citizens make in the Oath of Allegiance.
        - Give up allegiance to other countries.
        - Defend the (U.S.) Constitution.
        - Obey the laws of the United States.
        - Serve in the military if needed.
        - Serve (help, do important work for) the nation if needed.
        - Be loyal to the United States.

68. How can people become United States citizens?
        - Be born in the United States, under conditions set by the 14th Amendment.
        - Naturalize.
        - Derive citizenship (under conditions set by Congress).

69. What are two examples of civic participation in the United States?
        - Vote
        - Run for office
        - Join a political party
        - Help with a campaign
        - Join a civic group
        - Contact elected officials with opinions on issues.
        - Support or oppose an issue or policy.
        - Write to a newspaper.

70. What is one way Americans can serve their country?
        - Vote.
        - Pay taxes.
        - Obey the law.
        - Serve in the military.
        - Run for office.
        - Work for local, state, or federal government.

71. Why is it important to pay federal taxes?
        - It is required by law.
        - It funds the federal government.
        - It is required by the (U.S.) Constitution (specifically, the 16th Amendment).
        - It is a civic duty.

72. It is important for all men age 18 through 25 to register for the Selective Service. Name one reason why.
        - It is required by law.
        - It is a civic duty.
        - It ensures fairness in the draft if needed.

AMERICAN HISTORY

Colonial Period and Independence

73. The colonists came to America for many reasons. Name one.
        - Freedom.
        - Political liberty.
        - Religious freedom.
        - Economic opportunity.
        - Escape persecution.

74. Who lived in America before the Europeans arrived?
        - American Indians or Native Americans

75. What group of people was taken and sold as slaves?
        - Africans
        - People from Africa.

76. What war did the Americans fight to win independence from Britain?
        - American Revolution
        - The (American) Revolutionary War
        - The War for (American) Independence

77. Name one reason why the Americans declared independence from Britain.
        - High taxes.
        - Taxation without representation.
        - British soldiers quartered in American homes.
        - Lack of self-government.
        - Boston Massacre.
        - Boston Tea Party (Tea Act).
        - Stamp Act.
        - Sugar Act.
        - Townshend Acts.
        - Intolerable (Coercive) Acts.

78. Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?
        - (Thomas) Jefferson

79. When was the Declaration of Independence adopted?
        - July 4, 1776

Important Events during the American Revolution

80. Name one important event from the American Revolution.
        - (Battle of) Bunker Hill
        - Declaration of Independence
        - Washington Crossing the Delaware (Battle of Trenton)
        - (Battle of) Saratoga
        - Valley Forge (Encampment)
        - (Battle of) Yorktown (British surrender at Yorktown)

81. There were 13 original states. Name five.
        - New Hampshire
        - Massachusetts
        - Rhode Island
        - Connecticut
        - New York
        - New Jersey
        - Pennsylvania
        - Delaware
        - Maryland
        - Virginia
        - North Carolina
        - South Carolina
        - Georgia

82. What founding document was written in 1787?
        - (U.S.) Constitution

83. The Federalist Papers supported the passage of the U.S. Constitution. Name one of the writers.
        - (James) Madison
        - (Alexander) Hamilton
        - (John) Jay
        - Publius

84. Why were the Federalist Papers important?
        - They helped people understand the (U.S.) Constitution.
        - They supported the ratification of the (U.S.) Constitution.

85. Benjamin Franklin is famous for many things. Name one.
        - Founded the first free public libraries.
        - First Postmaster General of the United States.
        - Helped write the Declaration of Independence.
        - Inventor.
        - U.S. diplomat.

86. George Washington is famous for many things. Name one.
        - “Father of Our Country.”
        - First President of the United States.
        - General of the Continental Army.
        - President of the Constitutional Convention.

87. Thomas Jefferson is famous for many things. Name one.
        - Writer of the Declaration of Independence.
        - Third President of the United States.
        - Doubled the size of the United States (Louisiana Purchase).
        - First Secretary of State.
        - Founded the University of Virginia.
        - Writer of the Virginia Statute on Religious Freedom.

88. James Madison is famous for many things. Name one.
        - “Father of the Constitution.”
        - Fourth President of the United States.
        - President during the War of 1812.
        - One of the writers of the Federalist Papers.

89. Alexander Hamilton is famous for many things. Name one.
        - First Secretary of the Treasury.
        - One of the writers of the Federalist Papers.
        - Helped establish the First Bank of the United States.
        - Aide to General George Washington.
        - Member of the Continental Congress.

1800s

90. What territory did the United States buy from France in 1803?
        - Louisiana Territory
        - Louisiana.

91. Name one war fought by the United States in the 1800s.
        - War of 1812
        - Mexican-American War
        - Civil War
        - Spanish-American War

92. Name the U.S. war between the North and the South.
        - The Civil War

93. The Civil War had many important events. Name one.
        - (Battle of) Fort Sumter
        - Emancipation Proclamation
        - (Battle of) Vicksburg
        - (Battle of) Gettysburg
        - Sherman’s March
        - (Surrender at) Appomattox
        - (Battle of) Antietam/Sharpsburg
        - Lincoln’s assassination.

94. Abraham Lincoln is famous for many things. Name one.
        - Freed the slaves (via the Emancipation Proclamation).
        - Saved the Union.
        - Led the United States during the Civil War.
        - 16th President of the United States.
        - Delivered the Gettysburg Address.

95. What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?
        - Freed the slaves in the Confederacy.
        - Freed slaves in the Confederate states.
        - Freed slaves in most Southern states.

96. What U.S. war ended slavery?
        - The Civil War

97. What amendment states that all persons born or naturalized in the United States are U.S. citizens?
        - 14th Amendment

98. When did all men get the right to vote?
        - After the Civil War.
        - During Reconstruction.
        - With the 15th Amendment (1870).

99. Name one leader of the women’s rights movement in the 1800s.
        - Susan B. Anthony
        - Elizabeth Cady Stanton
        - Sojourner Truth
        - Harriet Tubman
        - Lucretia Mott
        - Lucy Stone

Recent American History and Other Important Historical Information

100. Name one war fought by the United States in the 1900s.
         - World War I
         - World War II
         - Korean War
         - Vietnam War
         - Persian Gulf War

101. Why did the United States enter World War I?
         - Because Germany attacked U.S. civilian ships.
         - To support the Allied Powers (England, France, Italy, and Russia).
         - To oppose the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria).

102. When did all women get the right to vote?
         - 1920
         - After World War I (with the 19th Amendment).

103. What was the Great Depression?
         - The longest economic recession in modern history.

104. When did the Great Depression start?
         - The Great Crash (1929)
         - The stock market crash of 1929.

105. Who was president during the Great Depression and World War II?
         - (Franklin) Roosevelt

106. Why did the United States enter World War II?
         - Because of the bombing of Pearl Harbor.
         - Japanese forces attacked Pearl Harbor.
         - To support the Allied Powers (England, France, and Russia).
         - To oppose the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan).

107. Dwight Eisenhower is famous for many things. Name one.
         - General during World War II.
         - President at the end of the Korean War.
         - 34th President of the United States.
         - Signed the Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1956 (established the Interstate System).

108. Who was the United States’ main rival during the Cold War?
         - Soviet Union (USSR/Russia).

109. During the Cold War, what was one main concern of the United States?
         - Communism
         - Nuclear war.

110. Why did the United States enter the Korean War?
         - To stop the spread of communism.

111. Why did the United States enter the Vietnam War?
         - To stop the spread of communism.

112. What did the civil rights movement do?
         - Fought to end racial discrimination.

113. Martin Luther King, Jr. is famous for many things. Name one.
         - Fought for civil rights.
         - Worked for equality for all Americans.
         - Advocated to ensure that people should “not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character.”

114. Why did the United States enter the Persian Gulf War?
         - To force the Iraqi military from Kuwait.

115. What major event happened on September 11, 2001, in the United States?
         - Terrorists attacked the United States.
         - They crashed two planes into the World Trade Center in New York City.
         - They crashed into the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia.
         - They crashed in a field in Pennsylvania after taking over a plane originally aimed at Washington, D.C.

116. Name one U.S. military conflict after the September 11, 2001 attacks.
         - Global War on Terror.
         - War in Afghanistan.
         - War in Iraq.

117. Name one American Indian tribe in the United States.
         - Apache
         - Blackfeet
         - Cayuga
         - Cherokee
         - Cheyenne
         - Chippewa
         - Choctaw
         - Creek
         - Crow
         - Hopi
         - Huron
         - Inupiat
         - Lakota
         - Mohawk
         - Mohegan
         - Navajo
         - Oneida
         - Onondaga
         - Pueblo
         - Seminole
         - Seneca
         - Shawnee
         - Sioux
         - Teton
         - Tuscarora.
         - For a complete list of tribes, visit bia.gov.

118. Name one example of an American innovation.
         - Light bulb.
         - Automobile (internal combustion engine).
         - Skyscrapers.
         - Airplane.
         - Assembly line.
         - Landing on the moon.
         - Integrated circuit (IC).

SYMBOLS AND HOLIDAYS

Symbols

119. What is the capital of the United States?
         - Washington, D.C.

120. Where is the Statue of Liberty?
         - New York (Harbor)
         - Liberty Island (acceptable are New Jersey, near New York City, and on the Hudson River).

121. Why does the flag have 13 stripes?
         - Because there were 13 original colonies.
         - The stripes represent the original colonies.

122. Why does the flag have 50 stars?
         - Because there is one star for each state.
         - Each star represents a state.
         - There are 50 states.

123. What is the name of the national anthem?
         - The Star-Spangled Banner

124. The Nation’s first motto was “E Pluribus Unum.” What does that mean?
         - Out of many, one.
         - We all become one.

Holidays

125. What is Independence Day?
         - A holiday celebrating U.S. independence from Britain.
         - It is considered the country’s birthday.

126. Name three national U.S. holidays.
         - New Year’s Day
         - Martin Luther King, Jr. Day
         - Presidents Day (Washington’s Birthday)
         - Memorial Day
         - Juneteenth
         - Independence Day
         - Labor Day
         - Columbus Day
         - Veterans Day
         - Thanksgiving Day
         - Christmas Day

127. What is Memorial Day?
         - A holiday to honor soldiers who died in military service.

128. What is Veterans Day?
         - A holiday to honor people who have served in the (U.S.) military.