soc 104 unit 3.docx

Monday 11/4

  • Microsociology
    • Looking the development of the self
    • How do we develop yourself while in interaction with other people
    • How you interact as other institutions
  • Research questions in punished
    • How do surveillance, punishment, and criminal justice practices affect the lives of marginalized boys?
    • What effects do patterns of punishment have on the lives of young men in this study?
    • Specifically, how do punitive encounters with police, probation offices, teachers, administrators, and other authority figures shape the meaning that young people create about themselves and about their obstacles, opportunities, and future aspirations?
  • Symbolic Interactionism
    • We don’t respond to social reality itself, but to the meaning we ascribe to social reality
    • Meaning is produced through social interaction
    • Meaning is negotiated in interaction
  • Symbolic interactionism vs positivism
    • Symbolic interactionism: sociology is the interpretation of social meaning
    • Positivism: sociology is the science of society
  • Charles horton cooley
    • Looking-glass self
    • The imaginations people have of one another are the solid facts of society

Wednesday, November 6th

Elements of Dramaturgy

  • Erving Goffman (1922-1982)
    • Impression management
    • The definition of the situation
    • Roles and teams
    • Regions

Goffman’s Sociology

  • “Goffman’s sociology might well be called the sociology of the forgotten. Embarrassment, uneasiness, self-consciousness, awkward situations, faux pas, scandals, mental illness, these are his subjects.” Collins and Makowsly, Discovery of Society, pg. 230
  • “Since society is ordered by normathat are usually unnoticed because they are taken for granted, the sociologist should concentrate on cases where the norms are broken in order to see clearly what they are and what forces act to uphold them.” Collins and Makowsly, Discovery of Society, pg. 230

Goffman himself

  • People did not really like him that much if they actually met him
  • He was difficult
  • It seemed like he did not like anyone
  • He made everything awkward
  • He focused on weird things

Dramaturgy

  • Social life is a series of performances. We are all actors, playing our parts, on metaphorical stages. Every interaction, we have a script, costume, and a set that defines how we act in that moment of interaction.
  • All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players: They have their exits and their entrances; and one man in his time plays many parts, his acts being seven ages. William Shakespeare, As You Like It (act 2 scene 7)

Impression Management

  • The process whereby we attempt to shape another person’s perception of us.
  • Ex: coaches of sports teams hide any doubts about whether their team can win
  • Ex: Clerk tries to appear busier when supervisor is watching
  • Examples:
    • Working from home or going to school during the pandemic. You are suddenly asked to turn on your camera
    • Social media mom influencers
      • Their presence on social media is impression management
      • People have certain personas
      • Post something- what persona of me does this portray
      • They have a certain “mom” look
      • Their kids look cute, cute clothing, super clean houses, white, no toys on the floor, the mom looks clean, and put together
      • In reality it takes hours to get the house clean, and for the mom to look put together

George Costanza

Definition of the Situation

  • The working consensus among interacting participants about where they are and what they’re doing
  • Anytime we enter a social situation we have a working consensus for why they are there and what they are doing
  • We all go to class to learn, we find our seats, we stop talking, and take notes- working consensus(definition of what we do)

Definitional Disruption

  • Definitional Breach
  • Example
    • Someone ordering a pizza while they are in class
      • “Having some food, learning about Cuba”
    • Someone disturbing the whole class due to a disruption
  • Every other person in the class is uncomfortable due to this act

These terms help us understand Goffman

Roles

  • Set of expectation that we attach to a social position
  • Engaging in impression management- we engage in a certain role due to who we are and what we are doing
  • People lie about their roles, so people can make assumptions about you for the better

Teams

  • Groups of people who work together in complementary roles to maintain the definition of the situation
  • You work together to maintain the definition of the situation

Regions

  • Front stage and back stage
    • Backstage- preparing for the performance- getting ready for the situation-
    • Front stage- performing- getting a shot from the doctor- all the impression management happens here

(i-clicker) While sitting in Budig 120 during class, a group of 3 students get up from their seats, go to the corner of the room, and start dancing for the Tik Tok they are making. Students in the class start whispering and talking and can’t believe what is happening. What term would Goffman use to best describe this event?

  1. Definitional disruption
  2. Impression management
  3. Roles
  4. Looking glass-self

Monday 11/11

Elements of Dramaturgy: Erving Goffan

  • Impression management
    • The act of influencing how others perceive a person, event, or object
  • The definition of the situation
    • Concept that describes how people understand a situation and act accordingly
  • Definitional disruption:
    • Moment when the nature of a social situation is called into question
  • Roles and teams
    • Roles; set of expectations that we attach to a social positions
    • Teams: groups of people who work together in complementary roles to maintain the definition of the situations
  • Regions
    • Front stage and back stage
      • Front stage: part of social interaction where people perform for others, often portraying an ideal image. People are aware of the audience and their expectations for the role they should play
      • Backstage: the part of a social interaction where people can be themselves and relax

Deviance

  • Social deviance and criminal deviance
    • Social: violation of norms, mores, folkways and taboos
    • Criminal: crimes or acts that break laws
  • Both forms of deviances requires understanding the social context in which they are situated; they are socially constructed

Rational choice theory

  • People weigh costs benefits and act
  • Accounts for why individuals make certain choices and take certain actions
  • “Choice-structuring properties” and “target selection” shape our cost/benefit analysis
  • Can explain big & small crimes alike, and can point to crime control policies

Choice structures properties

  • “Those single or multiple features of particular criminal activities which can make them differentially available and attractive to certain individuals at certain times”
  • =costs, benefits, and opportunities

Differential association

  • Edwin sutherland (1883-1950)

Wednesday 11/13

  • Rational choice
    • Assumption: criminals are rational beings- they weigh costs and benefits before deciding to commit a crime
    • Target selection
    • Choice structuring properties
    • Individuals face certain costs, benefits, and opportunities when deciding whether to commit a crime
  • Choice structuring properties
    • “Those single or multiple features of particular criminal activities which can make them differentially available and attractive to certain individuals at certain time”
    • =costs, benefits and opportunities
  • Differential association theory
    • Edwin sutherland
    • Differential association theory= social learning theory of crime
      • How people learn to commit crimes in social groups
    • association= we all associate with a unique group of people
    • difference= each group differs with how many and what types of people they include
    • People learn techniques to commit a crime and/or they learn to take pleasure in committing a particular crime
    • Criminal behavior is learned
    • When criminal behavior is learned the learning includes techniques of committing the crime, and the specific directions of motives, drives, rationalizations and attitudes
    • Process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns incorporates all the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning
    • Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other people in a process of communication
    • The principal part of learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups
    • The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of legal codes as favorable and unfavorable
    • A person become delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law
  • Example of rational choice and differential association theory
  • Crime: MIP
    • Rational choice: because the individual thought that they could get away with the crime without consequences
    • Differential association: because the minor was probably influenced by older siblings/friends and was taught that it is normal and okay to drink underage
  • Crime: drinking underage
    • Rational choice: most people think that the effects of drinking outweigh the smaller chance of getting caught. Drinking with friends allows one to build social and cultural capital
    • Differential association: you learn that drinking underage can be cool, otherwise people probably wouldn’t do it. You learn what type of alcohol is good and bad and how to drink certain drinks
  • Crime: bullying
    • Rational choice: the bully would see that they can scare the victim into not reporting the bullying and he/she would choose the victims who are smaller, weaker, and quieter
    • Differential association: the bully did this because this is how they’re treated at home by their parents. He/she learned from what the parents did and copied their techniques. The bully also gets the drives from the emotional torment that their parents caused.
  • Labeling theory
    • Howard becker- outsiders
    • William chambliss- saints and roughnecks
    • Devah pager- mark of a criminal record
    • Labeling theory explains what happens when the label deviant is applied to a person
    • Labels are sticky
    • Labels are powerful
    • Example: convicted felons and labels
    • Primary deviance
    • Secondary deviance

Monday 11/18

  • Labeling theory
    • Explains what happens when the label deviant is applied to a person
    • Labels are sticky
    • Labels are powerful
      • Example: a kid is new to the school and when they are nervous they act out. They are acting out and now labeled as class clown and a kid that doesn’t behave.
    • Example: convicted felons and labels
    • Primary and secondary deviance
      • Primary: first act
        • Commit some kind of act weather of not they think that is who they are
        • They don’t have to go on
        • If they are given that label, they internalize that label and see himself as a delinquent and engage in more crimes
      • Secondary:
    • Howard becker: outsiders
      • Deviance is the creation of social groups
      • When accepting deviance as given phenomenon you are implicitly accepting the values of the majority who make the rules
      • Deviance tells us more about the creators of social rules than the deviant individuals
      • Outsider: a labeled rule breaker; a deviant who accepts the label of deviant and then views themselves at odds with mainstream
  • Saints and roughnecks study
    • 1970s
    • Seattle suburb
    • 2 youth peer groups
    • saints=
      • 8 upper-middle class boys
      • Engaged in deviant behavior
      • Upstanding reputation in community
    • Roughnecks=
      • 6 lower class boys
      • Engaged in delinquent behavior
      • Labeled as deviants- negative image in community
  • West Memphis Three: labeling theory
    • Early 90s
    • Set eyes on 3, 8 year old boys
    • One boy, Christopher, didn’t come home for dinner and look until 3am
    • Next day: 1:30pm, found the boys in a shallow ditch in the woods
      • Naked and hogtied
      • Multiple stab news
      • One boy was castrated
    • People viewed this as saint work
    • These 3 teenages are singles out as the murders
    • Not a lot of forensic evidence
    • They went off of the three teenagers because they had a different presentation of self
    • They were labeled as deviant and saints
    • Taken into integration without parents
    • In jail until 2011; they were released since there was a possibility that they didn’t do it
    • More evidence pointed towards the stepfather

Wednesday 11/20

  • Neoliberalism:
    • Liberal: left, democrat
    • Liberal; advocate market/state separation
    • Neoliberal; advocate pure free market; loosening of government regulation of the economy (privatization; reduction government spending; austerity)
      • Loosening of government regulation
    • Strict separation of market and the government
    • No government intervention within the economy ever
    • Adam smith:
      • If you don’t have governmental innervation it’ll benefit society as a whole
      • Advocating for separation of government and economy
      • Still argued there needs to be moral in our society
    • Great depression (1929-1939) → keynesian economics (WWII- 1970s) → oil shock 1973 (stagflation) → neoliberalism
  • Cuts across party lines
  • Bill clinton: NAFTA
    • North american free trade agreement
    • Free trade between canada, usa, and mexico
    • Removing terrorists
  • Brownback signs large state tax cut
    • Get government out
  • Neoliberalism debate
    • Thomas friedman:
      • Proponent of neoliberalism
      • Cheerleader for globalization
      • Open borders and free food movement is good thing
      • New era of economic growth
    • Naomi Klein
      • Opponent of neoliberalism
      • Disaster capitalism
      • Tax cuts= see ripple effect through economy and people are going to suffer
  • Milton friedman
    • Strongest neoliberalism advocate
    • Important figure of spreading of neoliberalism
    • Have a lot of liberal principles
      • Government does still have a role so they can implement policies so we have a free market
    • Attacked social security
    • School choice and lunch vouchers
  • Neoliberalism: ideology
    • Belief in the importance of unregulated capitalism and free enterprise and the accompanying ethic of individualism and personal responsibility
    • As a time period or regime: it was the economic and political practices of western democracies from the 1980s+
  • Neoliberal policies
    • Abolishing state subsidies
    • Defunding social welfare programs
    • Privatizing states or state resources
    • Sustained attacks on unions
  • Neoliberal ideology
    • Separation market and state
    • Individuals are rational beings that behave according to a cost-benefit model
    • Individual are motivated by the competition engendered by a free market system
    • Social problems are best solved by free market
    • Classic liberalism= secure personal freedom through individual rights
      • Classic thinker= John Locke
      • Ethic individualism= emphasis on personal accountability and person responsibility
  • Examples neoliberal policies and ideology
    • School choice
    • Policy: marketize public education with school choice or voucher programs
    • Ideology: introducing choice spurs competition among schools and that will give incentive for schools to perform better
  • Neoliberalism and personal accountability
    • The individual is “held” responsible and accountable for his or her own actions and well being
  • Neoliberalism and deindustrialization
    • Neoliberal policies open up national borders for the free movement of capital and goods across the globe
    • Open borders and removal of tariffs, corporation move out of the US and relocate to developing countries, where they can produce goods for cheaper labor and with more environment regulations
    • Relstus in the gutting of well-paying industrial jobs in the US
  • Neoliberalism and marginalized
    • Loss of jobs
    • Removal of social welfare safety net
    • Punitive turn

Monday 12/2

  • Micheal foucault
    • Panopticism: a set of social practices that encompass surveillance in modern society
    • New way to control prisoners
    • Panopticon: prison where it was easier to control prisoners
      • Circular prisons and the guard can view the prisoners at once, prisoners never know if they’re really looking at them so they become self regulating. They are more likely to bring their behavior in line because of the chance the guard catches them.
    • Power is visible and unverifiable
    • Examples of panopticism and self regulating behavior
      • Elf on the shelf
  • Rios use of panopticism
    • The boys are experiencing surveillance wherever they go. Instead of becoming self regulating they start to push back on surveillance. They do that by starting to engage in criminal behavior, some seek to get dignity/new identity through resistance, and some do become self regulating.
  • Foucault: governmentality
    • Reconceptualization of power in the modern nation-state
  • Power in society
    • Feudalism: power is hierarchical and centralized
    • Modern nation state= power becomes decentralized in a capillary like manner to all social institution
      • Power just isn’t in the government, social institutions (schools, hospoals, psychiatric facilities, prisons) now imbued with power, become disciplinary institutions
    • Foucault's power/knowledge nexus
      • Power and knowledge are linked
      • Power is produced in social institutions through the knowledge and discourses produced in the social institutions
      • Self-regulation citizen are being socialized in those social institutions
      • They are internalizing the knowledge and discourse and their behavior becomes in line
      • Self regulation citizens= individuals bring it upon themselves to behave in line with normative prescriptions for behavior, without threat or unnecessary external force
      • Government doesn't have to punch people because you will bring your behavior in line because of the expectations
      • Power is transformed in modern society
      • Power is decentralized
      • power/knowledge nexus produces self-regulation citizenry
      • Power and knowledge are linked
      • Example: academics
        • Knowledge and discourse are produced and there are power relationships
        • Professor: student relationship
        • Lateral power relationship: with peers
        • Lateral approach with professors: knowledge is flowing both ways. Even the playing field
        • What type of research is worthy and should be published? Those are relationships with power
  • Neoliberal governmentality
    • Examples: health insurance rewards and behaviorism in elementary education (charts, rewards)

Key Concept: Agency

Definition

Agency refers to:

  • The desire, intention, and creativity inherent in all humans.
  • How individuals assert their capacity to act using cultural schemas and resources.
  • A “supra-instinctual” level of thought and action (higher-order thinking).
  • Agency is influenced by cultural and historical factors.

Key Features of Agency:

  1. Capacity to Reinterpret and Mobilize: Ability to transform meanings and use available resources.
  2. Control Over Resources: Empowerment to act independently.
  3. Empowerment to Resist: Creative resistance against dominant societal constraints.

Example of Agency: The Hyphy Movement

Definition:

  • Hyphy means “acting out, defying authority, breaking rules, and embracing disreputable behavior as everyday practice” (Punished, p. 118).
  • It represents a cultural response to marginalization.

Key Points:

  1. Purpose:
    • A style through which young people preserve dignity and feel empowered.
  2. Cultural Meaning:
    • Resistance to societal views that label them as “dumb,” “stupid,” or “hyperactive.”
  3. Role of Labeling Theory:
    • Rios explains that the boys internalized criminal labels but redefined these labels to assert agency.
  4. Systematic Neglect:
    • The Hyphy Movement emerged as a response to:
      • Structural neglect, pathologization, and criminalization.

Quotes from Punished:

  • Resistance and Dignity: “Hyphy gave young people a sense of freedom and dignity” (p. 119).
  • Acts of Resistance: Youth acted “criminal” as a conscious strategy to challenge the system.

Key Terms from Rios’ Research

1. Youth Control Complex

  • A “web of institutions” (schools, families, businesses, media, criminal justice) that collectively punish, stigmatize, and criminalize young people.
  • Example: Poor youth experience surveillance and stigmatization across institutions.

2. Hypercriminalization

  • Youth face constant labeling and punishment, both materially and symbolically, creating cycles of criminalization.

3. Over-Policing and Under-Policing Paradox

  • Young people experience intense policing for minor infractions, while serious structural issues remain unaddressed.

4. Material and Symbolic Criminalization

  • Material Criminalization: Concrete punishment like harassment, suspensions, and incarceration.
  • Symbolic Criminalization: Surveillance, stigma, and degrading interactions (e.g., microaggressions).

5. Code of the Streets

  • Refers to informal rules guiding behavior among marginalized youth.

Important Visual Examples

  1. The Hyphy Movement:
    • Youth dancing, being loud, or acting “crazy” in public as a form of empowerment.
    • Clothing and music styles associated with the Hyphy Movement.
  2. Youth Control Complex:
    • Visual depictions of youth being monitored by security, police, or surveillance cameras.

Focus for the Final Exam

  1. Understand Concepts:
    • Avoid memorization; focus on how theories connect to real-world examples (e.g., Rios’ Punished research).
  2. Key Examples:
    • Be prepared to discuss the Hyphy Movement as a form of agency and resistance.
  3. Connections:
    • Link terms like labeling theory, youth control complex, and symbolic criminalization.

Monday 12/9

  • Youth control complex
    • “Combined effect of the web of institutions, schools, families, businesses, resident, media, community centers, and the criminal justice systems, that collectively punish, stigmatize, monitor and criminalize young people in an attempt to control them” (rios pg 40)
  • Material criminalization & symbolic criminalization
    • Material criminalization= the concrete experiences of harassment and punishment
    • Symbolic criminalization= the constant surveillance, feeling of stigma and degrading interactions
    • Symbolic punishment= racial microaggressions
    • Pg 27-35= political, economic, and social history of oakland
  • Hypercriminalization= system in which boys labeled as deviant and any acts, whether actually criminal or not, are recognized as criminal or not, are misrecognized as criminal by those in positions of authority in various institutions.
  • Over Policing- under policing paradox= law enforcement will surveil and harass the boys for minor infractions but will not help out with significant instances of crime
    • “It may seem contradictory to say that young people are hypercriminalized by law enforcement but that their communities are also underpoliced” (pg 54).
    • “Officers consistently police certain kinds of deviance and crime, while neglecting or ignoring other instances when their help is needed” (54)
    • “Officers may be less sympathetic to those populations that they have rendered criminal” (54)
    • “Police seemed to be a ubiquitous part of the lives of many of these marginalized young people; however the law was rarely there to protect them when they encouraged victimization” (54)
  • Codes of the streets
    • “The code of the street… is he fabric of everyday life, a vivid, and pressing milieu within which all local residents must shape their personal routines, income strategies, and orientations to schooling, as well as their mating, parenting, and neighbor relations” (55)
  • Punished overview argument
    • Deviance is sometimes the boys resisting you control complex
    • agency= some of the boys choose to commit more crime as a form of resistance against the youth support complex
    • agency= some of the boys choose political consciousness and activism as a form of resistance
    • “I found that the young men in this study recognized, had a clear analysis of, and were resisting the criminalization they encountered. This resistance came in different form” (41)
    • “Some resisted by committing violent crime, others by organizing themselves and blocking off their streets with stolen cars and concrete slabs so police cars were unable to access them; and others resisted by becoming political organizers and returning to school. (41)
    • A number of structural forces converge to give way to the youth control complex in oakland
    • Youth control complex contributes to hyper criminalization
    • The youth are often labeled and stigmatized by carious authority figures within the youth control complex
    • Agency is central to rios argument
  • Punished methods
    • 40 black and latino youths who lived in communities heavily impacted by criminalization
    • Snowball sampling
    • Starting point: youth leadership project & east side youth center
    • reflexivity= “process by which a researcher understands how personal experiences shapes his or her ideas and the way he or she attributes meaning, interprets action, and conducts dialogues with informants (170)
    • * How rios acquired the participants for his study
    • *What kind of ethnographic methods he used
    • *How he interacted with his participants
    • *How reflexivity impacts his analysis
  • How punished is microsociology
    • “The key is to provide all marginalized mouths a stage with good props, good lighting and a supportive audience. In this way, acts of resistance, resilience, and reform, which go hand in hand, can become the basis for helping young people transform their lives (166)
    • Goffman dramaturgical perspective: we are always in a state of performance; he says these boys are performing. Front stage with authorities or back stage, rios is saying he is offering help to turn this around and the current system isn’t helping. He said what if we reframe the roles, expectations and view them as promises. They are now performing for a supportive audience which would help them when they mess up. If we transform how we view them, they will change. If we view them as delinquent or criminal, they will act like that.
    • “Policymakers, researchers, and program workers must recognize these seeds of transformation in young people and work with them to pry open the punitive bars that have socially incapacitated so many for so long” (166)
  • question?
    • Formation of identity and sense of self
      • Microsociology is all about forming yourself which comes from interactions with others
    • What are the ways in which boys come to see themselves as criminals/deviants? Or do they resist this identity?
    • What types of interactions with others shape this sense of self identity?
    • How are these moments of interaction tied to broader structural/institutional forces?
    • Brings agency front and center= provides deeper, more complex understanding of the boys’ actions that is missing in the literature up to this point
      • Rios argues that the boys aren’t just victims of the streets. Sometimes their delinquent behavior is resistance and enactment of agency
  • Review microsociology
    • Critiques positivism
    • Positivism leaves out the element of human agency
  • Cooley
    • Looking glass self
    • We learn or develop our self from our impression of how others perceive us
    • The self is the product of our social interaction
    • 1. We imagine how we present ourselves to others
    • 2. Then how others evaluate us
    • 3. Then form some sort of feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions
    • Imagination is key: the self results from an individual's imagination of how others view him or her
  • Goffman and dramaturgy
    • self= a “product of a scene that comes off”
    • self= performed character; rising out of performances
    • Impression management; the way individuals learn to slant their presentation of self inorder to create distinct appearances
    • Front stage: where people feel compelled to present themselves in expected ways
    • backstage: individuals let their guard down and do things that would be inappropriate or unexpected
  • Review: theories crime and deviance
    • Rational choice theory: individuals face certain costs, benefits, and opportunities when deciding whether to commit a crime
      • Shoplifting; cheating on an exam; clear bags at festivals
    • Differential association: Edwin sutherland; howard becker
      • A social learning theory of crime
      • People become criminals because they learn a technique and they learn to take pleasure in the crimes that they are committing
    • Labeling theory: Howard becker (outsiders); william chambliss: saints and roughnecks
      • An individual is labeled as deviant. They individual internalize that label and then that leads to more deviant and criminal behavior
      • Label impacts how others see the individual and how the individual views themself.
      • Becker: outsiders: deviance tells us more about the creator of social rules that it does the deviant individuals

Wednesday 12/11

  • Punished methods:
    • 40 black and latino youths who lived in communities heavily impacted by criminalization
    • Even if they are not delicate they are labeled. And even if they are delicate doesn’t mean they are engaging in those crimes
    • 30/40 have been arrested
    • 10 of the boys have not be arrested; many of these boys did associated with delicate boys
    • Snowball sampling: use with ethnographic research, have handful of participants, get to trust them and work with them and then ask them if they know anyone else who would be willing to speak to me and it goes on
    • Starting point for snowball sampling: Youth leadership project and east side youth center
    • Got the boys names from the workers
    • Qualitative research like this takes time
    • He said in his study he focuses his voices of the youth which set him apart
    • Uses ethnography (specifically urban ethnography and critical criminology)
      • Critical criminology: a lot of discussion about how power is viewed in the system and argues that crime is socially constructed. Looks at relationship and power
      • Urban: used cultural practices
  • Iclicker
    • Which of the following statements BESt illustrates how punished is microsociology?
      • Community members and law enforcement need to reframe the script, roles, and expectations for the black and latino youth so that they are performing for a supportive audience rather than a punitive one
      • Bolded words are KEY components of microsociology
  • Profiles of the boys
    • Slick
      • 15 year old who was the first profiled in the book
      • Friend killed during a drive by shooting
      • Ex: teachers:school criminalize boys victimized by violence
    • Spider
      • Attacked by gang members
      • Labeled as gang member even though he was not
      • Ex: gang enhancement laws
      • Also arrested for knife possession
    • Tyrell
      • Is too tall
      • Single father; mechanic; emphasized respect
      • Constant police surveillance and harassment because of his height and mature appearance
      • Internalized kabel: decided to start selling weed after numerous searches and harassment
      • Couldn’t control his height but could control his choice to sell drugs
      • Age 16: chose to recover debts from drug dealers (violent work)
      • Placed on election monitoring and two years probation
    • Jose
      • Lived whole life in neighborhood run by east side gangsters
      • Moter: rosario: worked as maid: contributed to criminalization of jose
      • Milk incident: ex: over-policing and under-policing paradox
      • Labeled in 3rd grade because he set garbage on fire and got arrested at school
      • Joined gang in middle school
      • Age 17: wanted to improve life, but risked victimization on the streets: PO advice did not mix with the life on the streets
    • Ronny
      • Job interview at carrows: did not shake the managers hand
      • Ex: misrecognition
      • Failed to land a legitimate job in formula economy
      • Ended up working informal economy selling pirated DVDS
  • Review microsociology
    • Blumer & symbolic interactionism
      • Critiques positivism: uses scientific research and facts to understand society
      • Positivism leaves out the element of human agency
    • Cooley
      • Looking glass self
      • We learn or develop our self from out impression of how others perceive us
      • The self is the product of our social interaction
      • We imagine how we present ourselves to others
      • Then how others evaluate us
      • Then form some sort of feeling about ourselves as a result of these impressions
      • Imagination is key: the self results from an individual's imagination of how others view him or her

It would be my first day at work, and before leaving home, I contemplated carrying my Balenciaga bag because I was concerned how others would perceive me if they saw me carrying an expensive purse. I did not want to appear to be showing off my bag on my first day at work. I eventually decided to go to work with the bag, and everyone complimented and admired the bag. I got home that day feeling happy and good about myself. Which of the following microsociology theory best describes the story above?
A. Impression work
B. Labeling theory
C. Dramaturgical performance
D. Looking glass self *

Workplaces that are found to hire children under a certain age can be heavily fined by state authorities. Such actions are perceived to be deviant by the state because they neglect to uphold the official workplace regulations and can increase workplace injury and reduce the life expectation of children. The fines are thought to increase the cost of such deviant acts by workplaces. What deviance theory might explain the fines imposed by state authorities if they hope to increase the cost of hiring children as a way to influence the decision of hiring managers and workplace administrators?

A. Labeling Theory

B. Rational Choice Theory *

C. Differential Association Theory

D. Collateral Consequences Theory

Why did Ronny choose not to shake hands at the end of his job interview?

A. He had been taught not to touch white women so that they would not think he was attempting to rob or sexually assault them. *

B. He felt disrespected because she refused to look him in the eye.

C. He felt certain that he would get the job and was angry.

D. Ronny held a hypermasculine mindset and did not consider women his equals.

All the following neoliberal policies affected the boys in Punished EXCEPT FOR:

A. Crushing of trade unions *

B. Defunding social welfare programs

C. Opening of national borders and deindustrialization, leading to massive job losses in Oakland

D. Crime-control policies leading to the criminalization of Black and Latino/a youths

When Rios says Jose ultimately experienced "social death," what does he mean by that?
A. He was incarcerated for several years *
B. He lost his masculinity in the eyes of his peers
C. He was registered as a gang member
D. He decided to leave the gang