APHG Flashcards

Agricultural Density

Number of farmers per unit of arable land.

Farmers ÷ arable land

500 farmers ÷ 100 km² = 5 farmers/km²

Arithmetic Density

Number of people per unit of total land.

Total population ÷ total land area

1,000,000 people ÷ 10,000 km² = 100 people/km²

Anti-natalist Policy

Government policy that encourages fewer children.

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China's former one-child policy

Carrying Capacity

The largest population an environment can sustain with its resources.

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A lake can only support so many fish before resources run low.

Cartogram

A map where areas are resized to represent data.

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A population cartogram makes highly populated countries look larger.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

Number of live births per 1,000 people per year.

Births ÷ total population × 1,000

20,000 births ÷ 1,000,000 people × 1,000 = 20 CBR

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

Number of deaths per 1,000 people per year.

Deaths ÷ total population × 1,000

8,000 deaths ÷ 1,000,000 × 1,000 = 8 CDR

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

Model showing how birth rates, death rates, and population growth change as countries develop.

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Countries generally move from high birth/death rates toward low birth/death rates.

Developed Country (MDC)

Country with high economic/social development, generally high life expectancy and low birth rates.

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Japan

Developing Country (LDC)

Country with a lower level of economic/social development, often with higher birth rates.

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India

Dependency Ratio

Compares the dependent population (young + elderly) to the working-age population.

(Population ages 0–14 + 65+) ÷ population ages 15–64 × 100

A ratio of 50 means about 50 dependents for every 100 working-age people.

Ecumene

The part of Earth's surface that is permanently inhabited by humans.

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Cities and farmland are part of the ecumene.

Emigration

Leaving a country to live somewhere else.

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Moving from Mexico → U.S. = emigration from Mexico.

Immigration

Entering a country to live there.

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Moving from Mexico → U.S. = immigration to the U.S.

Epidemiologic Transition Model (ETM)

Model showing how the major causes of death change as countries develop.

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Infectious diseases become less common while chronic diseases become more common.

Human Development Index (HDI)

Measures a country's level of development using health, education, and income.

Uses 3 dimensions: health + education + income

Norway has a very high HDI.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

Number of babies who die before age 1 per 1,000 live births.

Infant deaths ÷ live births × 1,000

500 infant deaths ÷ 100,000 births × 1,000 = 5 IMR

Life Expectancy

Average number of years a person is expected to live.

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Life expectancy of 80 = people are expected to live about 80 years.

Malthusian Theory

Idea that population can grow faster than food supply, causing shortages.

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Rapid population growth could eventually create food shortages.

Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

Population growth from births minus deaths, excluding migration.

(CBR − CDR) ÷ 10

CBR 20 − CDR 8 = 12 → 1.2% NIR

Population Pyramid

Graph showing a population's age and sex structure.

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A wide bottom means a large young population.

Physiological Density

Number of people per unit of arable land.

Total population ÷ arable land

1,000,000 people ÷ 5,000 km² farmland = 200 people/km²

Pronatalist Policy

Government policy that encourages people to have more children.

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Government gives families financial benefits for having children.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Average number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime.

Average children per woman

TFR = 2.1 means the average woman has about 2.1 children.

Zero Population Growth (ZPG)

When births and deaths are roughly equal, so population size stays stable.

CBR ≈ CDR

CBR = 10 and CDR = 10 → ZPG (before considering migration).