Term 1 revision

Bones and Joints: Things not to forget to revise

Long bone-one feature distinguish between superior and inferior, one feature to which way its pointing, one feature that tells if it’s front or back

vertebrae, ribs

Ligaments

Joints- type of joint is classification e.g. synovial hinge

name of joint is identification e.g. elbow joint, knee joint, elbow joint

primary cartilaginous will ossify, purely hyaline cartilage in primary, secondary cartilaginous will not ossify, fibrocartilaginous usually present in secondary

Histology

Development

Back Muscles

Mainly study intrinsic muscles of the back

-Splenius Muscles

-splenius capitis muscle

-splenius cervicis muscle

-Erector Spinae Muscles

-illiocostalis muscle

-longissmus muscle

-spinalis muscle

motor innervation from dorsal rami,

whole back innervated by 31 pairs of dorsal rami

how it works in vertebral column

how it helps

Nervous System

basic classification of nervous system

water is component

autonomic nervous system components, where they are located

somatic nervous system components, location

which is more complex

somites, mesenchymal origin

somites gives rise to myotome, dermatome, skelotome

Spinal segment and segmental innervation

Part of the spinal cord that gives rise to a pair of spine nerves on each side

Myotome

*Segmental innervation of muscles.

. Head and Neck: C1-C4 (Cervical Plexus) + Cranial nerves

. Upper Limb: C5-T1 (Brachial plexus)

. Intercostal muscles: T1-T12

. Abdomen: mainly T7-L1

. Lower Limb (+ pelvis): L1-L4 (Lumbar plexus), L4-S4/S5 (Sacral Plexus)

. Back intrinsic muscles: dorsal rami of spinal nerves.

. Anterolateral trunk + upper limbs + lower limbs muscles: ventral rami of spinal nerves

Sympathetic Nervous System:

Where is location of preganglionic, sympathetic neuron, (motor)

ganglia are eggregors or cell bodies?

Dermatomes: L1, T3, T2, C5-T1 (upper limb) C4, T4-nipple, T5, T10-Belly button

anterior horn of grey matter has cell bodies

lateral horn has pre ganglionic fibres which pass through white communicans

grey rami communicans are non myelinated

pre ganglionic are myelinated

where they synapse onto and target organs

S2,3,4 segment-pelvic, splacnic nerve-sympathetic

Spinal cord and spinal meninges

pia mater always covering spinal cord

dura mater quite fibrous

space outside dura is epidural space-fat and internal vertebral venous plexuses there

subdural space-between dura and arachnoid, underneath dura, outside pia mater which is surrounding spinal chord

subarachnoid space-lumbar puncture, epidural, spinal anaesthesia, to see haemorrhage, cancer, infection, meningitis

Dural sac ends S2

continues down to tip of coccyx-?

Lymphatic System

right side-right lympahtic duct, right jugular, right subclavian junction

thoracic duct formed in abdominal area, cisterna chyli, ends in left venous angle, left jugular and left subclavian junction

watershed line of lymphatic drainage of enteroabdominal wall divides drainage-above line is axillary nodes

below is superficial inguinal node

fluid from blood vessel comes out- interstitial fluid

majority of fluid returns to venous end

tiny stays in the space, lymphatic vessels clean up the little fluid that doesn’t return

-small vessels join up to form afferent vessels that go to lymph nodes

study histology too