DSM-5 TR Summary of Disorders

Anxiety Disorders

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Lasting feelings of fear, worry, and apprehension without a known cause.
  • Sleep disturbances, restlessness, difficulty concentrating, and exhaustion.
  • Anxiety is described as "free floating."
• Treatment:
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    • Exposure Therapy
    • Systematic Desensitization
  • Medication:
    • Antianxiety medications (e.g., benzodiazepines)
    • Antidepressants

Social Anxiety Disorder

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Anxiety triggered by extreme fear of negative evaluation by others.
  • Interference with functioning due to fear of embarrassment.
• Treatment:
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    • Exposure Therapy
    • Systematic Desensitization
  • Medication:
    • Antianxiety medications (e.g., benzodiazepines)
    • Antidepressants

Taijin Kyofusho (TKS)

• Description: Culture-bound anxiety disorder.
• Involves anxiety and avoidance of social interactions due to fear that personal appearance/behavior won't meet societal standards or might offend others.
• Cultural Forms:
  • Sensitive type: Heightened social sensitivity and anxiety.
  • Offensive type: Fear others will find their bodies undesirable or offensive.
• Mainly diagnosed in Japanese cultural contexts.
• Broader range of symptoms than social anxiety disorder.

Specific Phobia

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Anxiety, extreme fear, and avoidance related to a particular object or situation.
  • Fear is unrealistic and extreme.
• Treatment:
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    • Exposure Therapy
    • Systematic Desensitization
  • Medication:
    • Antianxiety medications (e.g., benzodiazepines)
    • Antidepressants

Panic Disorder

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Frequent expected OR unexpected panic attacks that result in fear and worry or anxiety about future attacks.
• Treatment:
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral
  • Medication
    • Antianxiety medications such as benzodiazepines
    • Antidepressants

Panic Attack

• Sudden, overwhelming terror with physical symptoms (e.g., racing heart, difficulty breathing) and cognitive symptoms (e.g., fear of impending doom).
• Occurs in the absence of actual danger.
• Lasts for a few minutes.
• Panic attacks are SYMPTOMS often associated with anxiety disorders.
• Significant distress and/or dysfunction.

Ataque de Nervios

• Description: A culture-bound anxiety disorder.
• Symptoms:
  • Convulsions, partial loss of consciousness, heart palpitations, numbness.
  • Sudden emotional outbursts, sensations of heat ascending to the head.
• Often occurs after a stressful event, especially violence.
• Mainly diagnosed in people of Caribbean or Iberian descent.
• Influenced by cultural norms for emotional responses, especially in families.

Agoraphobia

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Fear and avoidance of crowds, public places, and wide-open spaces.
  • Fear due to the possibility of being unable to escape or receive help.
  • Often translates to fear of leaving one's home.
• Treatment:
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    • Exposure Therapy
    • Systematic Desensitization
  • Medication:
    • Antianxiety medications (e.g., benzodiazepines)
    • Antidepressants

Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Uncontrollable, anxiety-producing thoughts (obsessions) and/or repetitive, ritualized actions (compulsions).
  • Individuals are aware their behaviors are unnecessary but can't stop.
• Treatment:
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    • Exposure Therapy
    • Systematic Desensitization
  • Medication:
    • Antidepressants

Hoarding Disorder

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Inability to discard useless or trivial belongings.
  • Leads to extremely large collections of items that impairs functioning.
• Treatment:
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  • Medication:
    • Antidepressants

Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Caused by exposure to an event that threatened death or serious injury.
  • Results in symptoms like flashbacks, negative mood, exaggerated startle response, irritability, sleep difficulties, and/or trouble concentrating.
  • Symptoms must last for longer than one month.
• Treatment:
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  • Medication:
    • Antidepressants

Dissociative Disorders

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Two or more separate and distinct personalities in the same individual.
  • Recurring gaps in memory.
  • Formerly called multiple personality disorder.
  • Believed to be caused by severe childhood trauma where dissociation served as a coping mechanism, leading to the development of separate selves.
• Treatment:
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  • Medication for symptoms
    • Antidepressants
  • Hypnotherapy

Dissociative Amnesia

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Partial or complete inability to remember autobiographical information.
  • Often caused by an extremely traumatic or stressful event.
• Treatment:
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    • Family therapy

Dissociative Fugue

• Purposeful travel or confused travel
• Symptom associated with dissociative amnesia or dissociative identity disorder.

Depressive Disorders

Major Depressive Disorder

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • One or more major depressive episodes with persistent sad mood and other symptoms for most of the day.
  • Loss of interest in normal activities and relationships.
• Treatment:
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  • Medication:
    • Antidepressants
  • Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
  • Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) in severe, treatment-resistant cases.

Persistent Depressive Disorder

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Sad mood and other symptoms that are milder than major depression but longer lasting.
• Treatment:
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
  • Medication:
    • Antidepressants
  • Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)
  • Electroconvulsive therapy in severe cases that do not respond to other treatments.

Bipolar and Related Disorders

Bipolar I Disorder

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Periods of both major depression AND mania.
• Treatment:
  • Mood stabilizing drugs:
    • Lithium
    • Anticonvulsant medications
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral

Bipolar II Disorder

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Periods of both hypomania (milder form of mania) and major depression.
• Treatment:
  • Mood stabilizing drugs:
    • Lithium
    • Anticonvulsant medications
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral

Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders

Schizophrenia

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Loss of touch with reality, typically with hallucinations or delusions.
  • Diagnosed based on positive and negative symptoms.
  • Positive symptoms:
    • Delusions (e.g., persecution, grandeur)
    • Hallucinations (involving one or more senses)
    • Catatonic excitement
  • Negative symptoms:
    • Flat affect (reduced emotional expression)
    • Catatonic stupor
  • Disorganized thinking and speech (e.g., word salad)
  • Disorganized motor behavior
• Treatment:
  • Antipsychotic medications
  • Psychotherapy
  • Support groups
  • Family education

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Autism Spectrum Disorder

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Group of neurodevelopmental disorders with varying difficulties in communication, social interactions, and rigid/repetitive behaviors.
  • Typically diagnosed in early childhood.
  • Involves significant distress and/or dysfunction.
• Treatment:
  • Behavioral therapy
  • Physical and speech therapy
  • Family therapy

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Difficulty controlling impulsive behavior and maintaining focus.
  • Involves significant distress and/or dysfunction in social, academic, and/or occupational settings.
• Treatment:
  • Psychotherapy (cognitive-behavioral therapy)
  • Medications such as Adderall or Ritalin

Neurocognitive Disorders

Major Neurocognitive Disorder

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Significant decline in cognitive functioning in one or more areas (e.g., complex attention, executive function, learning and memory, language, perceptual-motor, social cognition).
  • Based on self-report, clinical evaluation, or information from family.
  • Causes: Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington's, HIV, traumatic brain injury, etc.

Alzheimer’s Disease

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Progressive brain disorder causing memory loss, cognitive decline, and behavioral changes.
  • Early signs: memory problems, difficulty finding words, personality changes.
  • Later stages: severe cognitive and functional impairment.
  • Risk factors: age (over 70), family history, genetic factors.

Feeding and Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Fear of weight gain, food refusal, excessive weight loss behaviors (vomiting, excessive exercise), distorted body image.
  • Involves significant distress and/or dysfunction.
• Treatment:
  • Medical treatment for malnutrition
  • Nutritional counseling
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    • Family treatment (younger patients)

Bulimia Nervosa

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Binge eating (extreme overeating) and purging (e.g., vomiting, misuse of laxatives, excessive exercise) to maintain body weight.
  • Individuals are typically at or slightly above normal body weight despite efforts to become thinner.
  • Involves significant distress and/or dysfunction.
• Treatment:
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT)
    • Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
  • Nutritional counseling
  • Antidepressants (may reduce binge-purge cycles)

Sleep-Wake Disorders

Insomnia

• Persistent inability to fall asleep OR remain asleep that causes significant distress and/or dysfunction for the individual.
• Treatment:
  • Lifestyle changes
  • Psychotherapy:
    • Cognitive-Behavioral
    • Relaxation training
    • Stimulus control
  • Medications – prescription or non-prescription options

Sleep Apnea

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Loud snoring and extreme tiredness during the day.
  • Caused by repeated interruptions to breathing during sleep.
  • Involves significant distress and/or dysfunction.
• Treatment:
  • Lifestyle changes (e.g., diet changes, quit smoking)
  • Mouthpieces
  • CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure) - Breathing device
  • Surgery

Narcolepsy

• Individual moves from an alert state instantly into REM even when involved in other activities.
• Treatment:
  • Lifestyle changes (e.g., diet changes, controlled naps)
  • Stimulant medications

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

• Signs and Symptoms:
  • Acting out dreams due to a lack of normal muscle paralysis during REM sleep.
  • Movements like kicking or punching in response to dreams and making noises such as talking or shouting.
  • Potential injury to self or sleep partner.
  • Risk factors: male and over 50 years old, neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson's disease, stroke, or dementia with Lewy bodies, narcolepsy, certain medications.
• Treatment:
  • Modifying the sleep environment for safety (padding floors, removing sharp objects, placing barriers).
  • Medications: Melatonin

Personality Disorders

Cluster A

Paranoid Personality Disorder

• Unfounded mistrust and excessive suspicion of others.

Schizoid Personality Disorder

• Lack of interest in forming relationships, limited emotional expression, indifference to praise/criticism.

Schizotypal Personality Disorder

• Odd thoughts and behavior, inappropriate social cues, social isolation.

Cluster B

Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Lack of conscience, repeatedly violates the rights of others, incapable of empathy.

Borderline Personality Disorder

• Unstable relationships, self-image, behaviors, and moods; self-damaging or suicidal behaviors.

Histrionic Personality Disorder

• Constantly seeking attention (even negative), seeks instant gratification, overreacts to setbacks, rapidly changing moods, inappropriately seductive behavior, shallow emotions.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder

• Grandiose sense of self, seeks attention, demands special treatment, difficulty accepting criticism, distorted self-image with excessive self-love and superiority.

Cluster C

Avoidant Personality Disorder

• Extremely withdrawn, uncomfortable in social interactions, preoccupied with negative evaluation.

Dependent Personality Disorder

• Passivity, allows others to make decisions, constantly seeks advice and approval.

Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

• Extreme perfectionism, inflexibility, need to control activities, preoccupied with control, difficulty with change. (Note: Not the same as OCD).

Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders

Substance Intoxication

• Temporary, problematic, substance-specific symptoms due to recent drug intake.

Substance Use Disorder

• Various cognitive, behavioral, and physiological symptoms occurring when someone persists in using a substance despite considerable problems.
• Involves significant distress and/or dysfunction.