Money & Currency Vocabulary

Money (tiền): The general medium of exchange used for transactions and as a store of value.
Currency (tiền tệ): A system of money in general use in a particular country; the specific variety of money used.
Legal Currency (tiền tệ hợp pháp): Currency that is recognized by law as a valid means of settling a public or private debt or meeting a financial obligation.
Standard Currency (đồng tiền tiêu chuẩn): The official unit of currency used within a financial system.
International Currency (đồng tiền quốc tế): Currency that is used as a medium of exchange and a reserve asset globally, outside of its issuing borders.
Currency Standard (tiêu chuẩn tiền tệ): The monetary system or framework based on a specific standard, such as gold or a specific economic regulation.

Coin (đồng xu): A small, flat, round piece of metal or plastic used primarily as a medium of exchange or legal tender.
Paper Currency / Paper Money (tiền giấy): Banknotes or bills made of paper or similar materials used as physical currency.
Plastic Notes (tiền nhựa): Polymer banknotes which are often more durable and secure than traditional paper money.
Issue Coins (phát hành tiền xu): The official act or process of minting and releasing coins into circulation by an authorized body.

Intrinsic Value (giá trị nội tại): The inherent value of the material or substance from which the currency is made, independent of its designated value.
Actual Value (giá trị thực): The real-world purchasing power or economic worth of a currency unit.
Face Value (mệnh giá): The value displayed on the surface of a coin, banknote, or other financial instrument.
Denomination (mệnh giá): The specific value or rank assigned to a piece of currency (e.g., a ten-dollar bill).
Change (tiền lẻ): Lower-denomination currency given back to a customer when the amount paid is greater than the cost of an item; small-value coins or notes.

Electronic Payment (thanh toán điện tử): A method of paying for goods or services using electronic means rather than physical cash or checks.
Electronic Credits (khoản ghi có điện tử): Digital entries representing money added to an account.
Electronic Debits (khoản ghi nợ điện tử): Digital entries representing money removed from an account.
Credit (ghi có): An entry recording a sum received; the ability of a customer to obtain goods or services before payment, based on the trust that payment will be made in the future.
Debit (ghi nợ): An entry recording an amount owed or a withdrawal from an account.
Payment (sự thanh toán): The action or process of paying someone or being paid.

Monetary System (hệ thống tiền tệ): The set of institutions and mechanisms by which a government provides money in a country's economy.
Issuing State (quốc gia phát hành): The country or sovereign entity that has the authority to create, distribute, and regulate a specific currency.