HD Ch 8

Erikson’s Theory, Preschool years

Stage is initiative (new sense of purposefulness, eagerness to try new things) vs guilt(related to parental threats, punishment, criticism)


Cultural Variations in Personal Storytelling, Irish-American vs. Chinese parents stories

Chinese stories: goal: child become socially responsible, review childs past misdeeds and bring proper behavior through stories

Irish stories: do not include child misdeeds instead positively cast faults, show faults in a positive way


Understanding Emotion, Importance of parents explaining emotion words

Parents explaining emotion words to their children leads to improvements in emotion,

This is done by parents discussing emotions and labeling them in a warm way while validating them 


Advances in Peer sociability (nonsocial activity, Parallel play, associative play, cooperative play)

As age rises so does interactive play

  1. Non social activity- 

unoccupied, onlooker behavior and solitary play

  1. Parallel play-

child plays near other children with similar materials but does not try to influence their behavior

  1. Associative play-

children engage in separate activities but exchange toys and comment on one another’s behavior.

  1. Cooperative play-

a more advanced type of interaction, children orient toward a common goal, such as acting out a make-believe theme









Developmental sequence of Cognitive Play Categories

Functional Play(0-2 years): 

simple repetitive motor movements with or without objects, ex: moving car back & forth

Constructive play(3-6 years):

creating or constructing something, ex: making house out of legos

Make believe play(2-6 years):

Acting out imaginary roles, ex: playing police



Inductive discipline, How it helps children notice the feelings of others

Induction: adult helps make the child aware of feelings by pointing out the effects of the child’s misbehavior on others.


Inductive discipline promotes conscience formation

  1. Adult points out effects of misbehavior

  2. Encourages empathy-based guilt

  3. Gives reason for changing behavior


Alternatives to Harsh Punishment Time out

Time out, withdrawal of privileges, help parents avoid undesirable side effects of punishment


Positive Parenting (strategies)

NOT THE SAME AS ALTERNATIVES TO PARENTING



Using transgressions as teaching opportunities

Reducing opportunities for misbehavior- involve child more in tasks to prevent misbehavior

Give reasons for rules

Arrange for child to participate in family routines/duties- helping prep the table

When kids are hard headed/wont do something, understand emotions and compromise- “I know it's not fun to clean”, “you put those up and i will put these up”

Encourage mature behavior


Development of Aggression (forms)

Two types of Aggressions form with distinct purposes:

  1. Proactive/instrumental aggression-

Children act to fulfill a need or desire—to obtain an object, privilege, space, or social reward, and unemotionally attack a person to achieve their goal.

  1. Reactive/hostile aggression-

an angry, defensive response to provocation or a blocked goal and is meant to hurt another person


Both of these types of aggressions can come in 3 different forms:

Physical aggression- physical injury/property damage

Verbal aggression- direct threats of physical aggression, name calling, hostile teasing

Relational(direct and indirect) aggression- damage another peer’s relationships through social exclusion, malicious gossip, friendship manipulation


Media Violence and Aggression

TV violence & video games  increases the likelihood of hostile thoughts and emotions and of verbally, physically, and relationally aggressive behavior


How can Children control aggression- have them ask themselves, how do you think that made them feel



Transgender Children

Much to be learned about this

Gender dysphoria: dissatisfaction w/ natal sex, strong identification w opposite sex

Affects 1.5% natal boys and 2% natal girls

Suppressing child's feelings can cause stress

Health professionals say children are not pretending


Styles of Child Rearing

Styles of parenting styles

-Authoritative - positive

Set boundaries w/ full communication

Demands with reasons for expectations

High acceptance/involvement, adaptive control techniques, and appropriate autonomy granting


-Authoritarian

Causes children to be obedient but socially & emotionally withdrawn

Low acceptance/involvement, high coercive control, low autonomy granting


-Permissive

warm  & accepting but uninvolved

Give children too much control by being overindulgent/inattentive

-uninvolved

Low acceptance & involvement, with little control and general indifference of issues of autonomy


Child Maltreatment

-Physical abuse

Assaults, physical injury

-Sexual abuse

Identified by behaviors we see in children, example: little girls being mature

-Emotional abuse

Humiliation, intimidation, social isolation

-Neglect

Failure to care for kid- most reported cases


Factors related to child maltreatment

Parent characteristics, child characteristics, family characteristics, community: lack of lifelines, culture


Consequences of child maltreatment:

Poor emotional regulation, substance abuse, impaired working memory/function, central nervous system damage, impaired cortisol regulation & stress response


Preventing Child Maltreatment:

Educating/intervening w high risk parents

Social support for families