Political Science Final Review.docx

Final study guide poli science:

What is federalism? The idea that the government is divided between the federal government and the individual

What does the federal state handle? International affairs

What does the state handle? Internal affairs

There are two types of federalism, what are they? Dual federalism (covers from the beginning of u.s history to the new deal) Cooperative federalism (which is what we handle now)

Explain Dual Federalism: Government was divided between the state and the national government There is jurisdiction, they have power in some areas but not others Limited government

What did the new deal cause? Cooperative federalism where the national government encourages states to purse the national goals.

Grant and aid are what? Acts like a carrot on a stick and encourages states to purse the goals of the nation Regulated federalism: The national government sets up rules that the states must follow. New Federalism: Giving more power to the states Block grants: Devolution: giving them the power to enforce regulations What is a Bureaucracy? A bureaucracy is a complex structure of offices, tasks, rules and principles of organization that are employed by all large scale institutions.What are bureaucracy’s composed of? Individuals who are educated on certain topics Who uses bureaucracy’s? All large businesses Why do we have bureaucracy’s? They are efficient and allow the government to accomplish things quickly What do bureaucracy’s do? Implement laws and create regulations Make and enforce their own rules Settle disputes through administrative adjudication What does the constitution do related to courts and bureaucracy’s? Allowed to establish courts other then supreme courts Why do people continue to support public laws instead of moving to private? Cost, often private businesses will cut cost and the public sector or government will not allow that to happen. They make laws that force companies to inspect their meat. Without those laws there is no guarantee that the private businesses would do that.

What is the concept of power? It can be physical, economic, judicial, spiritual, military, and political power The capacity that a person has to influence the behaviour of another person. The ability of A to get B to do what A wants to do even if B would not otherwise do it I have power over my dog because she is forced to go outside before I go to work even if she does not need to because then she won’t pee in the house. What is Authority? Any exercise of power that is not recognized is considered arbitrary It is accepted and justified What is Legitimacy? A tool which to carry out the responsibility of government It is the acceptance to rule What are the three types of legitimacy? Traditional: monarch Law: elected because they have political knowledge Charismatic: they are elected because they have some sort of characteristic that makes them appealing What is influence? It is very closely related to power It does not relate to violence or threats to influence others Influence is a relation where the wants, desires, and preferences of one actor affect the actions or tendency of another actor’s act What is sovereignty? The final legal authority to make decision and affect the behaviour of others without interference. What are the two types of sovereignty? Internal: control within the state External: freedom from external controlWhat are the three types of political analysis? Normative: asks value questions Empirical: focuses on observable phenomena Semantic: concerned with meaning What is the liberal social contract theory? Individuals come together to decide what kind of society they will live in What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue about liberty? That it was impossible without equality What did J. Ann Tickner argue about the view of human nature taken by hobbes, locke, and rousseau? That it was very narrow and male centric What is utilitarianism? The goal to get the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people What is the main advantage of utilitarianism? Focusing on general happiness over protection of individual rights What is liberalism? Focus is the individual and their rights, a pluralist state What is communism? Sees the state as the central role in uniting society What is the difference between a weak state and a strong state? A weak state does not have legitimacy or power A strong state has legitimacy and authority Order the degrees of institutionalization: government, regime, state Government comes first Then regime Then state What is an illiberal democracy? There are elections but they are often corrupt and individual rights are not protected What is authoritarianism? No fair elections, the ruler is not held accountable to the citizens What is totalitarianism? Extreme form of control Total control exercised through force What is a democracy? Political power exercised either directly or indirectly through participation, competition or free deliberation. What are the conditions of a democracy according to Dahl? Individuals must be able to formulate preferences Must be able to signify preferences Have preferences weighted in government What are the two dimensions of democratization? Contestation Participation What are the forms of democracy? Direct democracy Representative democracy Liberal democracies Illiberal democracies What did the great law of peace do? Allowed the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, Seneca and Tuscarora nations to live together for over 200 years The industrial revolution links what two political ideologies? Capitalism and democracy What is democratic elitism and who coined the term? Joseph Schumpeter It’s the concept that mass participation is not realistic since the majority of people are quite happy to leave politics to the political elites What is participatory theory? It is built on the exponents of deliberative democracy who suggests that political discussions are going to produce a more legitimate decision What is deliberative democracy? That democracy is not enough for just voters to have an opportunity to exercise a political choice but instead that the choices but be developed through discussion and reflection This can be down through public debates is What are positive freedoms? And who argued for them? The state has an obligation to provide its citizens with a decent standard of living Rousseau What are negative freedoms? And who argued for them? Rights to be free from government interference, particularly in economic matters Locke Negative liberty can be referred to as ______ Freedom from Positive liberty can be referred to as _______ Freedom to What is the welfare state? Minimal level of social and economic protection for all people within its territory What is procedural justice? Fairness of the process through which an outcome is reached What is social justice? Fairness of the outcome itself What is needs-based justice? from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs a theory of justice based on need is closely related to socialism existed in welfare states what is merit based justice? How ever hard individuals work will determine how the social goods are distributed What did John Rawls say about the original position? Individuals will choose what their society and government looks like What is the veil of ignorance? That individuals have no idea what their life will look like. When looking at the original position, what they want society to look like, they will be under a veil of ignorance where they wont know what their life will look like. What would happen if there was a perfect society according to rawls? Everyone should have equal rights and should have equal basics that are similar to a system that has liberty for all And that the social and economic inequalities should be arranged so that the people who are at the less advantage in society will have the highest possible benefits as well as any advantages in the contract should be available to all What is the liberty principle? That everyone should have equal rights and should enjoy liberty without interfering with others freedom What is the difference principle? That individuals who are lesser in society should have access to the best resources and if there are certain resources, everyone should have access to them What did Wolff say about Rawls? That liberty should be restricted because it will ensure a basic standard of living for all What did Nozick say about Rawls? That everyone is entitled to their property if they earned it, therefore, it should not be redistributed. What is the cosmopolitan theories of justice With the increased international connection of different countries there needs to be justice and laws for outside the states and within the states It is not just one states problem to deal with inequalities of the world, but the world as a whole Does communitarianism and justice reject or embrace the liberal concept? It rejects the liberal concept of the free formed individual and feels that justice should consider the social and cultural characteristics in society Should justice just apply to society and cultures or should it relate to the environment? Justice needs to be applied to the environment and society needs to be aware of future generations and how current actions will effect the environment and the world that future generations are going to live in. What is an ideology? A set of ideas designed to describe the existing political order, present a vision of what the ideal political order should look like, and, if necessary, propose a meaning to get from what exists to what we want things to be What is liberalism? Liberalism is protecting individual rights. The change from negative liberties to positive liberty’s Where did neoliberalism develop from? The welfare state What is neoliberalism? Deregulating of private industry, the selling of state-owned industries, the rollback of the welfare state, the promotion of free trade, and a general belief that free markets were better at allocating scarce resources than governments Emphasizes negative liberty What does new liberal tradition emphasize? Positive liberty Freedom to pursue self-development Assumed to require state intervention to protect rights Promote equality of opportunity Traditional ideologies were shaped by what? The enlightenment era What is conservatism? Emphasis on tradition, relationships, respect for authority, civic virtue. Does not want things to change. It is opposing liberal thoughts because liberal thoughts want to progress and conservative thoughts like traditions. What is the dominant political tradition in western countries? Liberalism What is nationalism? In which each state has the right to self-govern, either of their own with states or within states What is the cultural idea of nationalism? The claim that men and women have many identities, however, the nation provides them with their primary form of belonging What is moral nationalism? Ethic of heroic sacrifice, justifying the use of violence in defence of one’s own nation against enemies, international or national. What is socialism? Generally an optimistic view of human nature Tend to see human nature as capable of being shaped by social, economic, and political circumstances Equality, they realize that individual are not inequal because they have different abilities but because of different social structures Community, emphasize on the community and not on the individual. What are the three concepts of socialism? Optimistic view of human nature Equality Community What is emancipation? The aspiration to liberate people from unfair economic, social, and political conditions What is an authoritarian state? A form of rule that restricts personal liberty and is not accountable to the public They want to control people so that everyone is equal, and it does not mess up the egalitarian balance of society What is Fascism? A way of organizing a society in which a government ruled by a dictator controls the lives of the people and in which people are not allowed to disagree with the government When did neo-fascist parties initially develop? After World War II What is neo-fascism? It followed the defeat of fascism. It incorporates the basic principles of fascism into the existing political system. What is anarchism? Very similar to liberal and social traditions Takes an optimistic view of human nature Thinks that government intervention is unnecessary and undesirable and advocated for society based on voluntary cooperation and free association of individuals and groups How do anarchists view the state? They view it as unnecessary Does anarchism have any influence on modern politics? No it had little direct influence What is post modernism? It is not an ideology but a critique of other ideologies Postmodernism thinks that there is not one answer for everything, the world is to complex to capture any grand theory What are the different kinds of feminism? Liberal feminists Second wave feminism Social feminists Third wave feminism Feminist methodologies. What is liberal feminism? That women and men should have equal rights in the public sphere Why is liberal feminism an important aspect of politics? Because women are extremely underrepresented in politics and government What is the second wave feminism? A more emphasize version of liberal feminism The idea that inequality is not prominent in just the public sphere but it is patriarchal. Therefore, to solve the inequality, it needs to be addressed at the root of the problem to stop inequality by teaching young children that everyone is equal. How do socialist feminist and second wave feminists differ? Social feminists think that inequality comes down to society influence Second wave feminist think that inequality comes down to biology What is the big critique of second wave feminism? That they ignore the oppression of women is based on race and class What is social feminism? Advocates for social rights and special accommodation for women’s Basically states that although women are starting to become equal in the public sphere there are still boundaries such as child care and the fact that women cannot participate in the work force because they are still expected to handle the children. What is third wave feminism? They are able to accommodate diversity and change They take aspects from all versions of feminism. What does intersectionality mean? Different forms of subordination often accompany each other How do Feminists focus on intersectionality? They may observe how sexism, racism, zelophobia, ableism, classism, and homophobia can all be apart of the same burden women face What is feminist methodologies? The stressed need for feminist questions advanced by women and in the interest of women. What is multicultural? Management of diversity through formal initiatives in the federal, provincial, territorial, and municipal domains. What are the different phases of multiculturalism? 19th century Canadian colonies, until the early 1970s Population influx from other parts of Europe and elsewhere after world war II. Final phase, which we live in now, further away from immigration to immigration from other countries, while the indigenous populations are growing Why has multiculturalism been criticized? A threat to social unity as well to liberal rights What is one of the main issues with multiculturalism? That it can be used as a tool for assimilating ethnic communities into mainstream euro-Canadian values and practices. What is fundamentalism? Can be defined s a strict literal interpretation of and adherence to a set of rules often written down in key religious texts. What does religious fundamentalism seek to do? Organize politics along religious lines What is environmentalism? Actions aimed at protecting the environment What are the two types of environmentalists? Reformists and ecologists How can you tell the difference between reformists and ecologists? Ecologists sees economic growth as incompatible with environmental protection However, reformists critics argue that as long as growth is sustainable then here should be permission from the environment al perspective. What is the main goal of reformists? Sustainable development, making sure that the industrialization and resource extraction does not further harm the environment Why do some companies not like the laws put in place to protect the environment? Because sometimes in prohibits the growth of companies because they cannot further their company without harming the environment What is the indigenous thoughts related to the environment? That as humans we are connected to the environment and it is our job to protect the earth for generations to come What is the method of difference? Where cases are very similar but there are different outcomes What is the method of agreement? Where cases are very different but have similar outcomes What are institutions? Regular patterns of behaviour that give us stability What are the two types of institutions? Formal: charter or laws Informal: birthday When did state and ruler separate in Europe? 17th century What is Charles tilly saying with the protection racket? That individuals need protection from the state of nature. However, sometimes that protection comes from mobs and it can be double edge sword. They can say I can protect you if you pay me however, if you don’t, then I cannot promise to protect you. What is the treaty of Westphalia? It established three things Sovereignty of states and fundamental rights to self determination Legal equality between states Non-intervention of one state in the affairs of another Why did turkey accept western politics? Because they wanted the west to stop meddling with their internal affairs so they accepted the concepts so they were left alone What happens when a country is a state, but has no recognition? They do not have a seat at the UN They have domestic sovereignty but not international sovereignty Indigenous governance sets out their rules how? In oral traditions What is the rule of law? That everyone will be treated equally in the eyes of the law no matter what your social standings are What are constitutions? They define the states basic structures What is constitutionalism? It limits powers and guarantees fundamental rights What is legal positivism? That the laws are exactly what they state What are the functions of democracy? Representation Deliberation Participation What does representation entail? The activity of making citizens present in public policy making What are the two types of democratic representation? Parliamentary systems Presidential systems What is the parliamentary system? Also known as first past the post Used in Canada Voters vote for members that they want to represent them and then those members form the government What is a presidential system? Used in the U.S Voters vote for the president as well as the members and then together they run the government What is the different between how a presidential system and parliamentary system is made up? The parliamentary, voters do not vote for a leader, they vote for a party In a presidential, they vote for both a leader and a party. They vote for the president and then they also vote for members to make up the government which is like the party What is a semi-presidential democracy? Voters vote for the president and for the members and then the members and president elect a prime minister and all together they make up the government What does the prime minister do in a semi-presidential democracy? They can deal with the internal affairs and the president deals with the international affairs What does Linz say about which system is better? He states that parliamentarianism is better since parliamentary can be very unstable What does Cheibub say about which system is better? He says that presidential is better and the only reason it is often showcased as bad is because the leaders are unstable, not the system. What is proportional representation? The voters do not just vote for one party or one person but they can vote for multiple different partys by ranking them. What is an advantage of proportional representation? No wasted votes Where did political parties emerge from? They were originally just like minded people that would gather to discuss important issues and then the government realized that it was easier to group people together so they did What are some current issues that political parties are facing? Declining membership Decreased funding Decreased representation Increasing apathy about parties What are the three ways to define democracies? Classic definitions: rule of the people Minimalist definitions: elections Modern definition: elections plus What are the three ways to define non-democracies? Left vs. right Totalitarianism Authoritarianism What was campbells model? That there should be one male MP and one female MP Compare totalitarian vs authoritarian regimes: totalitarian Authoritarian No pluralism Some pluralism Strong ideology Weak ideology High mobilization Weak mobilization Unconstrained leadership Unconstrained leadership Little state autonomy Some state autonomy

Totalitarian rule is authoritarianism on steroids. The authoritarian ruler wants full control over the economy and political realm however, the totalitarian ruler wants control over everything, and starts to encroach on individuals lives.

What is authoritarianism? Marked by submission to authority Opposite of individualism Political power is usually in one person and they are not elected What is a totalitarian government? System where those in power see no limitations to their authority What was platos idea of the allegory of the cave? That there is a difference between people who simply experience their sensory experiences, and then call on that knowledge, and those who understand real knowledge by seeing the truth How does Erica Frantz define an authoritarian regime? If they achieve power through undemocratic means What are claims to legitimacy? Traditional - monarch Charismatic – appealing Legal-rational – has some sort of education What is personal rule? A period where king Charles I of England ruled without any recourse to parliament What is organized rule? Self-serving behaviours Increase the probability of of obtaining positive outcomes in organization What is a revolution? A major transition between regimes Usually focused around a change in government What was Aristotle’s regime transition theory? That a monarchy will lead to a tyranny and a tyranny will lead to aristocracy and aristocracy will lead to oligarchy and oligarchy will lead to polity and polity will lead to democracy Did Marx and Engles think that revolution was inevitable? Believed that it was not inevitable and they stated that things needed to change What did Hegels think about revolution? That revolution is inevitable but he was also an idealist Why do people rebel? Object deprivation (lack of basic needs) Teleological historic necessity (the beginning of a revolution) What is a state? Formally constituted , sovereign political institution encompassing people and territory What is a nation? Collective identity grounded in a shared history and culture and may or may not lay claim political recognition or a specific territory What is the primary focus of international relations? Relations between sovereign states What does global mean? Refers to the entire world What does globalization emphasize? Interconnectedness across state boundaries Where did the theories of the sovereignty develop in response too? They developed in response to both civic and interstate wars in Europe What did early states connect to? Agriculture Relationship with the land was a key commonality They were a way of organizing and protecting people and resources What was the model of the modern democratic society? Ancient Greece Athens’s city-state What was the roman empire central in developing? Republicanism What is the new definition of empire? Doesn’t have to impose direct rule What does Jacksons concept of the “quasi-state” highlight? It highlights the fact that some developing world states depend so much on the international community for their continuing existence that their sovereignty is essentially negative. What did the peace of Westphalia establish? The key characteristics of the modern state and the modern state system; grounded in the principle of the sovereign state What was the concept of sovereignty when relating to nationalism? That each nation should have its own state It arose in the late 19th century along with democracy What does the liberal international theory promote? Optimism about the prospects for a peaceful international o4rder established through strong international institutions underpinned by international laws. Understand that there are sovereign states and they are key actors in the international affairs but maintains that their behaviours, even under anarchy can be bettered through these institutions What does the liberal international theory see human nature as? Amenable to positive change and learning. Realists analyze things how? For what they are rather then how they should be Virtually all realists international theory focuses on what? The struggle for power and security of sovereign states in conditions of international anarchy. What do positivists believe? That the same basic scientific method employed in the natural sciences can be used to produce a universally valid and normatively neutral body of knowledge about subjects such as politics and IR Who does the English School accommodate? Realists and liberals What is the perspective of the English School? The idea of a society of states underpinned by a set of common values The English school developed two main approaches, what were they? Pluralists Solidarists What are pluralists? They accommodate the carrying norms, values and standards of justice of different states within a framework of coexistence based on respect for sovereignty What are solidarists? Promote a set of common norms and standards, including respect for human rights and in exertional circumstances, a right of humanitarian intervention. What is the concert of Europe? It was established at the congress of Vienna It created rules and practices to maintain balance between major powers after the Napoleonic wars and to spare Europe from further conflicts. By the end of WWII what had happened to the European colonial systems? The European colonial systems had collapsed What did the sovereign states look like after the change in sovereign state systems? There were legal international sovereign states, however, they were weak, fragile or failed states. What did globalization of economies do to the sovereign state system? It put pressure on the sovereign state system What were the liberal IR premises? They had an optimistic view of human nature They believed that humans can progress over time And progress is based on the actions of the individual agents What did the treaty of Versailles do? It created the league of nations It imposes the blame on Germany and made them pay harsh reparations Due to the harsh penalties on Germany and progressive liberal ideals there was for sure a war in the future How long did it take for Germany to pay off the debt? 93 yrs 2010 What are the principles of self-determination? The rights of states to freely determine their own government, policies, and practices The quest of the national group to secure political autonomy Further strengthens legitimacy of nation-state concepts What is political autonomy? When a group, or territory is self-governing and not under control of a higher government or power What did the realist turn establish? A series of buffer states between the western Europe and the USSR What did Niccolò Machiavelli think about realism? He believed that all actions should be judged against the stability of the state, it is the equivalent of todays national interests what did Hobbes think about realism? He believed that everyone was inherently evil and that there needs to be a higher power to control the fact that people will kill each other what did Thucydides think about allies? He believed that allies could not be trusted to pull their own weight, and it was everyone for themselves. What did Thucydides believe was human motivations? Fear, ambitions, and self-interest What did Athens growing power do? It created security dilemma for Sparta, Athens lost despite being more powerful. What is the security dilemma? When a state takes action to increase their own security from other states, but it causes a reaction from other states and in result leads to less security What is the Melian dialogue? The Melians offered to the Athens to sign a treaty that would guarantee their neutrality What was Hans Morgenthau’s view on realism? Pessimistic view of human nature, politics trumps morality most if not all the time What is behaviouralism? The importance of using natural sciences when studying social phenomena Is scientific What is normative analysis? Analysis that is concerned with norms, values, and ethics. Is not scientific What is neorealism? Places emphasis on the structure of the international system, downplaying domestic politics What is neoliberalism? Adopts many of the assumptions of realism but argues for the importance of international institutions. What did Kenneth waltz write? Man, the state, and war Theory of international politics What was Kenneth waltz use of 3 images? The individual The state The international system of state What is offensive realism? To ensure survival, it is best to become the most powerful state of the region/globe All states are competing so they want to be the best What is defensive realism? Believes that the state must seek power enough for its security They do not need to be the best, they just needs to be secure enough to keep themselves safe What type of realism does Mearsheimer argue for? Offensive realism, where the state maximizes power What type of realism does Waltz argue for? Defensive realism, where too much power in a state will generate a security dilemma. How does dependency theory and world system analysis draw on socialist views related to IR? Critiquing theories of modernization and development, especially in relating to developing countries and the exploitative structure on the international economic and political system.What is the dependency theory? Resources flow from the poor, underdeveloped states to the wealthy states and righ the latter of the expense of the former. What is the world system analysis? World economic system where some countries benefit and some are exploited. The wealthy countries take advantage of the lesser countries What are the three types of countries? Core countries: dominant capitalist countries that exploit peripheral countries for resources Peripheral countries: are depended on core countries for capital and have underdeveloped industry Semi-peripheral countries: share characteristics of both core and peripheral countries What is the critical theory? A social theory that aims to critique and change society as a whole to make it better How did Lenin see imperialism? As the highest stage of capitalism How did Gramsci see the ruling class keeping power They kept power by not only be force but by making the inequalities seem natural What is constructivism? Social order is an ongoing human production It draws on a body of European social theory developed by earlier social theorists. The believe that components of social order including beliefs, norms, values, interests, rules and institutions are socially constructed by humans. Why do constructivism criticize neorealism and neoliberalism? They focus on material forces at the expense of ideational forces formed through social interactions that are equally important. What did Alexander Wendt argue? That you cannot ignore the importance of material forces, however, recognizing the connection between material and ideational forces provides a better understanding of how social facts are produced What are the two forms of constructivism? Rationalists Reflectivist What do rationalist believe? Theories tend to see an underlying rationality that lead human behaviour towards particular ends Knowledge is gained through empirical analysis What do reflectionists believe? They oppose rationalists and believe that institutions reflect and shaper power and preferences. What do empirical feminism focus on? Correcting the denial or misrepresentation of women as active agents in the international sphere based on mistaken assumptions What do analytical feminism address? Address gender biases more directly by highlighting asymmetrical and socially constructed concepts of masculinity and feminist evident in traditional theoretical frameworks in the ir that favour masculine interpretive practices. What do normative feminism do? They incorporate reflections on IR theorizing and feminist concerns within a broader, explicitly normative agenda for global change. What do critical feminism do? They build on the critical theory, examining realtions of domination and subordination, the play of power in world politics, and the relationship between material and ideational factors through a gender sensitive lenses What do feminist constructivism do? Focuses attention of ideational forces and the essentially social nature of the international sphere Feminist poststructuralism? Critiques the way dichotomises such as weak/strong, rational/emotional, and public/private, have served to empower men at the expense of women What is postcolonial feminism? Men who were occupied with nation-building after empire and colonialism had destroyed indigenous peoples history. It citizens powers and the hegemonic power established by indigenous men after the empire. What does postmodernism/poststructuralism emphasize? The role of language in the production of knowledge More radical then the critical theory What is the foucaults genealogical approach? Truth claims often coneal the machinations of power Academic disciplines legitimize knowledge claims that operative in the service of power What does Foucault say about power? That it is neither good nor bad but it everywhere What did Edwards Said’s Orientalism argue? That Europeans defined themselves against, or in contrast to, the people of the orient Within IR postcolonial theorists often emphasize what? Eurocentrism of traditional approaches to IR What is the core IR concern? Security What is the core IR concern when addressing liberalism? It is about peace through international institutions (the UN) What is the core IR concern when addressing realism? Peace through strength How many members were there originally in the UN? How many are there now? 53 Now 193 What does the security council do? Main goal is to provide the UN’s mission to provide “collective security” What is conflict prevention? The idea that it is better to get involved in issues before they reach physical violence What are the UN’s charters basic principles? Faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and of all nations, bug or small What is the UN’s charters intentions? To establish conditions under which justice…can be maintained and to promote social progress and freedom What chapter established the security council? Chapter 5 How many original members were part of the security council, and who were they? UK US USSR France China 5 in total Who has veto power? Permanent 5 (P5) What is an egalitarian society? Everyone is equal, everyone is born equal and everyone has equal opportunities What is the goal of realism and the UN? Preservation of state-based vision of world order Centrality of military issues, especially in security council Dominance of the P5 of the security council Why was NATO created? To contain the spread of communism What is the warshaw pact? It was similar to NATO but consisted of the eastern bloc What did the cold war unleash? A number of internal conflicts as nationalist movements emerged What are regional proxies? Regimes loyal to the superpower and are used to promote their ideological objectives Which countries shaped Americans attitudes toward deploying the US forces overseas? Rwanda and Somalia What is positive peace? Peace that is more than just the absence of violent conflict Like you and your siblings playing nice with each other other than just avoiding each other and not hitting one another Who focused on how violence against women is closely tied to an increasing emphasis on military security? Cynthia Enloe How did economics and security work together? Increasing gap between haves and have nots The environment and security? Changes in climate may also have repercussions in other areas such as food and water security Environmental security concerns are becoming important in their multifaceted impacts What is the Kyoto protocols? Set behind targets for the emission of greenhouse gases All argue that the terms unfairly favour developing countries Security was first a military issue but has now expanded to include with issues? Food, energy, water, and biosecurity Energy security links a wide range of what concerns? Traditional and non-traditional What did the human development report do? It stated that world can never be at peace unless people have security in their daily lives What is the difference between human security and traditional forms of security? The key focus is on people-individuals and communities not the state What is contemporary diplomacy? Conducted by a range of state and non-state actors What is mercantilism? Based on idea that trade generates wealth, and so states promote exports and restrict imports what is Laissez-faire? Let it be approach to the market place What is the key themes for the rise of liberal political economy? Individual initiative, competition, pursuit of self-interest, invisible hand of the market place What did David Ricardo say about comparative advantage? Nations can gain an international trade advantage when they focus on producing goods that produce the lowest opportunity costs as compared to other nations What did Keynes say about 20th century liberalism? Individuals do not always make rational choices, so “the market” is not always infallible and the state needs to step in What did Galbraith say about 20th century liberalism? The notation that the market is intrinsically and universally benign is an error of libertarians and unduly orthodox conservatives What was the new deal? Creates jobs to put people to work Provides a safety net through social security Regulates industry The postwar international economic order did what? Brought about plans for a new international economic order drawn up as soon as WWII came to an end Does mercantilism oppose the free market? Yes it opposes the free market, favouring a strong state that not only provides security but actively intervenes in the economy by promoting protectionist measures What replaced mercantilism? Liberalism with the principles of free trade and comparative advantage What was the original currency of Bretton Woods? Gold which was set at $35 usd/ounce What caused the US to abandon the gold standard and raise import tariffs? Us trade imbalances and financial burden of the Vietnam war The global recession in the early 1980s caused a shift to what policies? Neomercantilism policies There was post war optimism, what caused it to be waned? Financial crisis of 2008 The debt crisis of the European union The rise of china and india as centrally important new economies Covid 19 brought major reductions in domestic and global trade in goods and services What are sacrifice zones? Regions of a country or the world that are purposefully destroyed to manufacture products and services for other parts of the world What does critical IPE question? How the global political economy came into being, what interests support it, and how might be transformed What’s the difference between mainstream IPE and critical IPE? Critical IPE is more sensitive to issues of class, race, and gender, incorporates a wider range of institutions into the analysis and is attuned to issues of domination and subordination What does Robert Cox argue for? Neo-Gramscian What is neo-Gramscian? Focuses on hegemony, domination, and subordination, coercion and consent Radical rethinking of objectivist and rationalist epistemologies, and the exercise of power What is the north-south gap? It is the gap between the development of the north and the development of the south It generates serious international political, economic, and social problems What do structural adjustment programs call for? The privatization of state resources and strict limits on public spending What inspired structural adjustments? Neoliberal economic theories What was the effect of structural adjustment procedures? Limited access to health, education, and public utilities without alleviating poverty or improving economic performance How does the dependency theory see the north-south gap? It sees it as necessary to maintain global capitalism How does the liberal theory see the noth-south gap? It sees it as pointing to the issue of governance Developing world poverty and instability often go together What is the definition of globalization? The acceleration and intensification of mechanism, processes, and activities…promoting global interdependence and perhaps, ultimately, global political and economic integration What is a key aspect of globalization studies? The unevenness by which the process has spread, generating economic winners and losers What do hyperglobalists argue? That the state is doomed in an emerging, borderless world What is one of the downsides of globalization that causes people to feel…? Causes many people to feel that their governments have lost control over their countries economies or are unwilling to protect their interests What did Walden Bello say about globalization? That we cannot sustain globalization like we have seen in the past because in the past decade, due to the economic crisis of 2008 and then covid, financial crisis continue to impact the lives of the poor What is the notion of deglobalization? To focus on domestic markets and their protection and growth What does regionalization resemble? Globalization It is and complex process of integrations with cultural and social as well as political and economic dimensions Its primary dynamic is usually considered economic What is regionalization? The process of splitting up countries into smaller regions and transferring power from central governments to the regions. Why was ASEM formed? To enhance economic relations, but addresses political and cultural issues as well