Anatomy and Physiology

8 necessary life functions

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  • 8 necessary life functions 

  • Things you need to do to function 

  • Having boundaries (integumentary system) 

  • Movement (locomotion) (blood flow) (Muscle contraction) 

  • Responsiveness (Nervous system) 

  • Digestion (break down nutrients) 

  • Metabolism (every organ system) * Sum of all chemical reactions. 

  • Excretion (Urinary, Digestive, Respiratory) 

  • Reproduction (Cell division, offspring 

  • Growth (Growth if the organism) 

 

5 survivals need 

  1. Food (glucose ATP) (Nutrients) 

  1. Oxygen (H 2 0) 

  1. Water (50% female, Male 60%, elders less) 

  1. Temperature (98.6) 

  1. Atmospheric pressure   

 

Homeostasis 

Homeo: Same  

Stasis: Static  

State of maintaining the body’s equilibrium regardless of the environment change. 

Dynamic state of equilibrium. 

Nervous and endocrine system plays a big role in it. 

It has limits  

 

How does the body maintain homeostasis? 

Receptors: Monitor the environment and receive the stimuli, send a signal to  the control center  

Control center: Central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) receives the information and decides whether it needs a response or not and then sends an output to the effector. 

Effector:  

4 effectors: - Skeletal, cardiac, glands, Smooth muscle 

Negative feedback mechanism (Shut off the receptor once it reaches homeostasis) 

Shuts down the original stimulus 

Ex: Temperature regulation 

Positive feedback: Increase of stimulus, Labor contraction, Blood clothing. 

4 primary tissues

Epithelial

  • Connective: Provides support and structure to the body, including bone, cartilage, and blood.

  • Muscle: Responsible for movement, including skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle types.

  • Nervous: Transmits impulses for communication, including neurons and glial cells.

6 level of structural organization

Chemical

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ system: 11 organ system

Organism

Life begin at the cellular level

Bones store calcium

Muscular system maintain posture and allow movement

Nervous and endocrine system maintain homeostasis

Integumentary system houses sweat glands and synthesize or make vitamin D