Revolutions That Defined Scientific Revolutions

Meso-America: Extends from Mexico to Guatemala, Belize, and parts of Honduras and El Salvador.
Isolated Development: Mesoamerican civilizations developed independently from the scientific knowledge of Africa, Asia, and Europe, fostering self-reliance.
Maya Civilization: The most advanced Mesoamerican civilization.

Pictorial Script: The Maya used hieroglyphs.
Paper and Books: They created books on long strips of paper folded in harmonica-style.
Dresden Codex: Contains predictions of solar eclipses for centuries and a table of predicted positions of Venus.
Astronomy: The Maya made predictions by aligning stars with two objects separated by a large distance.
Accurate Calendar: They developed the most accurate calendar ever designed.
Architecture: The Maya were the first to use pitched ceilings in their buildings.

Assimilation: The Aztec assimilated knowledge from Maya society.
Astronomical Observations: Aztec manuscripts describe how the Maya performed astronomical observations.
Rubber Manufacturing: They manufactured rubber and used a rubber ball in the game tlachtli.
Public Sanitation: Public latrines were found along highways, and sewage was transported from Tenochtitlán to the mainland to prevent pollution of Lake Texcoco.

Crop Cultivation: Cultivated crops such as corn (maize), papaya, avocado, and cocoa.
Magnetism: Sculptures dating back to 2000-1500 BC with magnetic properties suggest early Meso-American civilizations knew about and used magnetism (Malmström, 1976, 1979).

Technological Developments: Many cutting-edge technological developments and scientific advancements originate from Asia.
Japan: A notable country in Asia for scientific and technological achievements, especially in electronics and automobiles.
Digital Gadgets: Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and China produce 90% of the world’s digital gadgets.
Digital Content and Services: Nations across Asia are becoming increasingly important to the global supply of digital content and services.
South Korea: Cultural popularity has led to the emergence of startups in the digital and technology sectors (e.g., website viki.com).
Taiwan: Focused on software and content development.

Progress in Mesopotamia and Egypt: Significant advancements were made in science and technology during 3,000 years of urbanized life.
Mesopotamia: Greater progress in astronomy and mathematics.
Astrology: The development of astronomy was accelerated by astrology.
Egypt: More advanced in medicine and took an early lead in engineering and architecture due to the construction of monuments like pyramids and temples.
Babylonians: Led in the development of practical arts like irrigation.
Transmission of Knowledge: Sciences and pseudosciences spread from Egypt and Mesopotamia to Phoenicia and Anatolia.

Transmission of Knowledge: The Phoenicians transmitted much of their knowledge to the Mediterranean, especially to the Greeks.
Influence: Excavated art forms and Greek tradition show the direction of movement from Egypt to Syria, Phoenicia, and Cyprus.
Mesopotamian Influence: Evident through the borrowing of Babylonian science and divination by the Hittites and transmission through Phoenicia.
Invention of the Alphabet: The greatest accomplishment of the ancient Middle East.

Early Hyksos Period: Northwestern Semites in Egypt adapted hieroglyphic characters to their purposes in the 17th century BC.
Northern Syria: Imitated the alphabet with the addition of two letters to designate vowels.
Spread: The alphabet spread rapidly and was commonly used among the Northwest Semites (Canaanites, Hebrews, Aramaeans, and Phoenicians).
Phoenician Use: By the 9th century BC, the Phoenicians used it in the western Mediterranean.
Adoption: The Greeks and Phrygians adopted it in the 8th century BC.
Impact: The alphabet contributed to the Greek cultural and literary revolution and was transmitted to other Western people.

Applied Sciences: Agronomy, metallurgy, engineering, textile production, and medicine dominated the field of activity across Africa.