Culture

What is Culture

  • Definition: Combination of material and non-material items that define a meaningful way of life.

Material Culture

  • Physical objects created and used by people.

  • Examples: Automobiles, books, buildings, clothing, computers, cooking utensils.

Non-Material Culture

  • Abstract human creations such as beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and language.

Key Components of Non-Material Culture

  1. Values & Beliefs: Standards for determining good/bad and specific ideas about the world.

  2. Symbols & Language: Communication systems of culture. Symbols can be gestures, signs, or words.

  3. Norms & Behaviors:

    • Folkways: Informal rules/customs with mild social sanctions.

    • Mores: Stated, formal rules with serious repercussions.

    • Laws: Norms enforced by authorities.

    • Taboos: Strongly forbidden actions with severe social consequences.

Cultural Dynamics

  • Culture Shock: Disorientation when encountering different cultures.

  • Ethnocentrism: Belief that one's own culture is superior.

  • Cultural Change: Culture is fluid and ever-evolving.

  • Meanings of Cultural Items: Vary among different groups and contexts.

  • Positive/Negative Norms: Normal practices can be unhealthy or harmful.

  • Real vs. Ideal Culture: Ideal reflects aspirations whereas real depicts actual behaviors and norms.