Module 16 vocab
The Era of Exploration and Colonization
This module explores the era of exploration and colonization.
It focuses on how lands and empires in the Eastern and Western hemispheres were forever changed.
Key Components
Videos
Document-Based Investigations
Graphic Organizers
Interactive Games
Carousel: Women Leaders of the Indian Subcontinent
Image with Text Slider
Henry Hudson Arrives
Life in Jamestown
The Mughals of India: Taj Mahal
Ancient China: Masters of the Wind and Waves
African Slave Trade
Essential Question
Why were peoples of the Age of Exploration willing to risk lives and fortunes to expand the influence of their homelands?
Module Overview: Expansion, Exploration, and Encounters
Lesson 1: The Mughal Empire in India
Big Idea: The Mughal Empire brought Turks, Persians, and Indians together in a vast empire.
Lesson 2: Europeans Explore the East
Big Idea: Advances in sailing technology enabled Europeans to explore other parts of the world.
Lesson 3: China and Japan Reject Expansion
Big Idea: China during the Ming and Qing dynasties and Japan under the Tokugawa regime were uninterested in European contact.
Lesson 4: Spain Builds an American Empire
Big Idea: The voyages of Columbus prompted the Spanish to establish colonies in the Americas.
Lesson 5: European Nations Settle North America
Big Idea: Several European nations fought for control of North America, and England emerged victorious.
Lesson 6: The Atlantic Slave Trade
Big Idea: To meet their growing labor needs, Europeans enslaved millions of Africans in the Americas.
Lesson 7: The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
Big Idea: The colonization of the Americas introduced new items into the Eastern and Western hemispheres.
Timeline of Events (1400–1800)
1405: Zheng He takes first voyage.
1419: Portugal’s Prince Henry founds navigation school.
1492: Columbus makes first voyage.
1494: Spain and Portugal sign Treaty of Tordesillas.
1511: First enslaved Africans arrive in the Americas.
1521: Cortés conquers Aztec empire.
1522: Magellan’s crew sails around the world.
1526: Babur founds Mughal Empire.
1533: Pizarro conquers Incan Empire.
1603: Tokugawa regime begins in Japan.
1607: British settle in North America at Jamestown.
1608: Samuel de Champlain founds Quebec.
1619: Dutch open trade with Java.
1632: Shah Jahan orders construction of Taj Mahal at Agra.
1644: Manchus establish Qing Dynasty in China.
1754: French and Indian War begins.
1776: American colonies declare independence from Britain.
1793: Britain seeks to trade with China.
Lesson 1: The Mughal Empire in India
Setting the Stage
The Gupta Empire declined in the late 400s due to Hun invasions.
Muslim tribes from Central Asia invaded northwestern India, creating small kingdoms.
The invaders were descendants of Muslim Turks and Afghans, led by a descendant of Timur the Lame and Genghis Khan.
They called themselves Mughals, meaning "Mongols."
Early History of the Mughals
The eighth century saw clashes between Hindus and Muslims.
Muslims advanced to the Indus River valley.
Around 1000, Turkish armies, led by Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, invaded India.
They devastated Indian cities and temples in 17 campaigns, weakening the region.
Delhi became the capital of the Delhi Sultanate, ruled by Turkish warlords who treated Hindus as conquered people.
Delhi Sultanate
Between the 13th and 16th centuries, 33 sultans ruled from Delhi.
In 1398, Timur the Lame destroyed Delhi.
The city was rebuilt, but unification came in the 16th century.
Babur Founds an Empire
In 1494, 11-year-old Babur, a descendant of Timur the Lame and Genghis Khan, inherited a small kingdom in Central Asia.
He built an army and invaded present-day Pakistan and northern India, establishing the Mughal Empire.
In 1526, Babur led 12,000 troops to victory against a sultan of Delhi’s army of 100,000.
He also defeated a Rajput army.
After Babur’s death, his son, Humayun, lost most of the territory.
Akbar’s Golden Age
Babur’s grandson, Akbar, ruled from 1556 to 1605, known for his wisdom and tolerance.
Akbar recognized military power as his strength and equipped his armies with heavy artillery.
He appointed Rajputs as officers, turning potential enemies into allies.
Akbar unified a land of 100 million people, exceeding the population of Europe.
Akbar was a genius at cultural blending and continued the Islamic tradition of religious freedom.
He married Hindu princesses without forcing conversion and allowed his wives to practice their religious rituals.
He abolished the tax on Hindu pilgrims and the jizya (tax on non-Muslims).
He appointed a Spanish Jesuit to tutor his second son.
Akbar governed through a bureaucracy of officials, including Hindus and Muslims.
His chief finance minister, Todar Mal, a Hindu, created a graduated income tax similar to that of the present-day United States.
Akbar gave generous land grants to bureaucrats but reclaimed the lands after their death, preventing feudal aristocracies.
Persian was the language of Akbar’s court, while the common people spoke Hindi.
Urdu, a blend of Arabic, Persian, and Hindi, emerged from the Mughal armies and is now the official language of Pakistan.
Architecture
Akbar period architecture featured massive but graceful structures decorated with intricate stonework portraying Hindu themes.
The capital city of Fatehpur Sikri was built to thank a Sufi saint, Sheik Salim Chisti, who had predicted the birth of his first son.
Akbar’s Successors
After Akbar’s death in 1605, the Mughal court changed under the next three emperors.
Jahangir and Nur Jahan
Akbar’s son, Jahangir, left state affairs to his wife, Nur Jahan, a Persian princess.
Nur Jahan installed her father as prime minister and favored another son after Khusrau rebelled.
Jahangir promoted Islam and was tolerant of other religions.
Religious Conflicts
Khusrau turned to the Sikhs during his rebellion; Guru Arjun sheltered and defended him.
Mughal rulers arrested and tortured Guru Arjun to death, leading to conflict with the Sikhs.
Shah Jahan
Jahangir’s successor, Shah Jahan, assassinated his rivals to secure his throne.
He had a passion for beautiful buildings and his wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
In 1631, Mumtaz Mahal died, leading Shah Jahan to build the Taj Mahal in her memory.
Taj Mahal
The Taj Mahal was built with white marble and jewels from Asia by 20,000 workers over 22 years.
It blends Hindu and Muslim styles.
The country suffered during Shah Jahan's rule due to famine and high taxes to support monuments and wars.
Aurangzeb
In 1657, Shah Jahan became ill, leading to a civil war among his sons.
Aurangzeb executed his older brother and arrested his father.
Aurangzeb ruled from 1658 to 1707, expanding the Mughal holdings but weakening the empire.
He enforced Islamic law, outlawing drinking, gambling, and other vices.
He brought back the tax on non-Muslims and dismissed Hindus from high positions.
He banned the construction of new temples and destroyed Hindu monuments.
The Hindu Rajputs and Marathas rebelled; Shivaji, a Maratha leader, remained unconquered. Meanwhile, after Aurangzeb executed Guru Tegh Bahadur for refusing to convert to Islam, the Sikhs continued to develop and transformed themselves into a brotherhood of warriors, emerging as a major power.
Aurangzeb levied heavy taxes to pay for wars, increasing the tax burden on Hindus.
Decline and Decay of the Mughal Empire
By the end of Aurangzeb’s reign, the empire was drained of resources; over 2 million people died in a famine. Most of his subjects felt little or no loyalty to him.
After Aurangzeb’s death, his sons fought a war of succession.
The Mughal emperor became a wealthy figurehead ruling independent states.
Western traders, including the Portuguese, Dutch, French, and English, built their own power in the region.
In 1661, Aurangzeb handed the port of Bombay to the outsiders.
Cultural Blending in Mughal India
Mughal India experienced a golden age under Akbar, with success attributed to religious tolerance.
Cultural integration is evident in art: Muslim artists focused on arabesque and geometric patterns, while Hindu artists created naturalistic artworks.
Decorative work exhibits cultural blending, with floral and geometric elements from Muslim art and realistic depictions from the Hindu tradition.
Mughal emperors brought Muslim architecture to India, blending it with local materials like marble and sandstone.
Mughal fabrics feature geometric patterns from Persian designs and original designs with landscapes, animal chases, and floral latticeworks.
Mughal painting, influenced by Persian artists, incorporated naturalism and detail from the Indian world with a flat aerial perspective.
Lesson 2: Europeans Explore the East
Setting the Stage
By the early 1400s, Europeans were ready to venture beyond their borders, driven by the Renaissance spirit of adventure and curiosity.
Motives for Exploration
"God, Glory, and Gold"
Desire to grow rich: Merchants and traders sought spices and luxury goods from Asia.
Spread Christianity: Europeans aimed to continue fighting Muslims and convert non-Christians.
Technology Makes Exploration Possible
Advances in technology, such as the caravel, astrolabe, and magnetic compass, facilitated voyages of discovery.
The caravel, with triangular sails, could sail against the wind.
The astrolabe, perfected by Islamic astronomers, calculated latitude.
The magnetic compass, a Chinese invention, helped track direction.
The Portuguese perfected a 16-point wind rose, and captains recorded measurements and ocean current patterns in pilot books.
Portugal Leads the Way
Portugal, located on the Atlantic Ocean, was the first European country to establish trading outposts along the west coast of Africa.
Prince Henry, the son of Portugal’s king, supported exploration and founded a navigation school in 1419.
Portuguese ships sailed down the western coast of Africa, trading for gold, ivory, and slaves.
Portuguese Sailors Reach Asia
The Portuguese aimed to reach Asia by sailing around the southern tip of Africa.
In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias reached the tip of Africa but returned home due to exhausted crew and low supplies.
In 1497, Vasco da Gama explored the East African coast and reached Calicut, India, in 1498.
Da Gama’s voyage gave Portugal a direct sea route to India, with cargo worth 60 times the voyage cost.
Spain Also Makes Claims
Spain desired a direct sea route to Asia, leading Christopher Columbus to sail west across the Atlantic in 1492.
Columbus reached an island in the Caribbean, opening the way for European colonization of the Americas.
In 1493, Pope Alexander VI created the Line of Demarcation, dividing lands between Spain and Portugal.
The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 moved the line west, giving parts of modern-day Brazil to Portugal.
Trading Empires in the Indian Ocean
European nations scrambled to establish trading outposts in South and Southeast Asia.
Portugal’s Trading Empire
Portugal controlled the spice trade, defeating a Muslim fleet in 1509 and controlling the Strait of Hormuz in 1514.
The Portuguese captured Goa in India in 1510 and Malacca in 1511, gaining control of the Moluccas (Spice Islands).
Portugal broke the Muslim-Italian domination on trade from the East, bringing back goods at one-fifth the cost.
Other Nations Challenge the Portuguese
The English and Dutch challenged Portugal’s dominance around 1600.
The Dutch Republic became a leading sea power, owning the largest fleet of ships.
The Dutch and English formed East India Companies to direct trade throughout Asia.
The Dutch East India Company drove out the English and dominated the region.
The Dutch established trading headquarters at Batavia on Java in 1619 and seized Malacca and the Spice Islands from Portugal.
Amsterdam became a leading commercial center by 1700.
British and French Traders
By 1700, Britain and France gained a foothold in the region; the English focused on establishing outposts in India, trading Indian cloth in Europe.
The French company established an outpost in India in the 1720s but never showed much profit.
Limited European Influence
European traders took control of many port cities, but their impact rarely spread beyond the ports.
From 1500 to about 1800, the peoples of Asia remained largely unaffected by European contact.
Lesson 3: China and Japan Reject Expansion
Setting the Stage
European voyages led to trade opportunities, and Europeans sought trade relationships in East Asia, first with China and later with Japan.
China Under the Powerful Ming Dynasty
China became the dominant power in Asia under the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644).
Vassal states paid tribute to the Ming overlords.
Ming rulers sought to prevent outsiders from threatening peace and prosperity.
The Rise of the Ming Dynasty
Hongwu, a peasant’s son, drove the Mongols out of China in 1368 and became the first Ming emperor.
Hongwu began reforms to restore agricultural lands, erase traces of the Mongol past, and promote China’s power.
He improved rice production, irrigation, fish farming, and commercial crops.
He encouraged Confucian moral standards and restored the civil service examination system.
Later in his rule, however, Hongwu became a ruthless tyrant.
Yonglo
Hongwu’s son, Yonglo, emerged victorious after a power struggle and moved the royal court to Beijing.
Yonglo launched seven voyages of exploration to impress the world with Ming China’s power and expand the tribute system.
The Voyages of Zheng He
Zheng He, a Chinese Muslim admiral, led seven voyages from Southeast Asia to eastern Africa.
The voyages ranged from Southeast Asia to eastern Africa and included fighting ships and treasure ships (over 400 feet long).
The fleet’s crews numbered over 27,000, including sailors, soldiers, carpenters, interpreters, accountants, doctors, and religious leaders.
Zheng He distributed gifts to show Chinese superiority; more than 16 countries sent tribute to the Ming court.
Chinese scholar-officials complained that the voyages wasted resources; after the seventh voyage in 1433, China withdrew into isolation.
Ming Relations with Foreign Countries
China’s official trade policies in the 1500s limited foreign trade to three coastal ports: Canton, Macao, and Ningbo, However, trade flourished up and down the coast.
Europeans paid for purchases with silver.
Demand for Chinese goods stimulated silk-making and ceramics.
China did not become highly industrialized because commerce offended Confucian beliefs and economic policies favored agriculture.
Christian missionaries, including Matteo Ricci, brought Christianity and European science and technology.
Many educated Chinese opposed the European and Christian presence.
A Stable and Diverse Society
Under Hongwu, Confucian traditional texts were put in place.
*Hongwu reorganized the government and replaced the Yuan laws with codes based on Confucian teachings.
*The Ming government created candidates who must pass an official exam based on Confucian texts.
*An institution called the Hanlin Academy was created to interpret primary Confucian books.
*Anti-corruption laws were put in place which officials of the Censorate traveled provinces to ensure there was non-corruption or else they were pulled from position.
*Military was used to manage China’s ethnic diversity.
*Religions such as Buddhism, Confucianism, and Taoism prospered.
Manchus Found the Qing Dynasty
By 1600, the Ming Dynasty was weakening due to ineffective rulers, corrupt officials, and lack of money.
Northeast of the Great Wall, the Manchus invaded China in 1644 and seized Beijing, establishing the Qing Dynasty.
China Under the Qing
The Manchus earned the people’s respect by upholding Confucian beliefs and social structures, making the country’s frontiers safe, and restoring China’s prosperity.
Kangxi, emperor from 1661, reduced government expenses and lowered taxes and gained support from intellectuals by offering them government positions.
Under Qian-long, who ruled from 1735 to 1795, China reached its greatest size and prosperity.
Manchus Continue Chinese Isolation
China viewed itself as the cultural center of the universe; foreign states had to follow Chinese rules for trade.
The Dutch accepted China’s restrictions and paid tribute to the emperor.
Great Britain sought better trade arrangements, but Qian-long denied the request.
Korea Under the Manchus
In 1636, the Manchus invaded Korea, making the country change its allegiance.
Korea remained independent but existed in China’s shadow, adopting Confucian principles, technology, culture, and isolation.
Nationalism in the Korean people manifested in their art, showing popular Korean scenes.
Life in Ming and Qing China
Irrigation and fertilizer use increased, enabling farmers to grow rice and new crops.
Food production increased, leading to improved nutrition and a population explosion.
Families favored sons over daughters.
Women had responsibilities in the fields, education, and family finances.
Traditional culture was based on traditional forms.
Dream of the Red Chamber by Cao Zhan was written during this period.
*Traditional Chinese fiction, was the great masterpiece of the drama.Traditional paints were known for valued tech over creativity.
Drama was a source of entertainment, especially in rural China where literacy rates were low.
Comparing Renaissance and Ming Cultures
*The cultural expansion that occurred under the Ming and Qing dynasties can be compared to the European Renaissance in a few general ways.
*For example, the Ming court asked painters to imitate the styles and subjects of earlier dynasties.
*In Italy, Renaissance thinkers and artists focused on classical Roman and Greek topics like astronomy and philosophy for inspiration.
*A deep exploration of human nature was characteristic of both movements, as well, especially in works of literature. Dream of the Red Chamber has been praised for its rich characters as much as Shakespeare’s plays have.
A New Feudalism Under Strong Japanese Leaders
In the 1300s, unity in Japan broke down, and weak shoguns lost control.
In 1467, civil war shattered Japan’s old feudal system, leading to violence and disorder.
Local Lords Rule
Powerful samurai seized control of feudal estates, offering protection for loyalty.
Warrior-chieftains, called daimyo, became lords in a new kind of Japanese feudalism.
The emperor at Kyoto became a figurehead.
New Leaders Restore Order
Ambitious daimyo aimed to take control of the country; Oda Nobunaga seized Kyoto in 1568.
Nobunaga eliminated enemies and used firearms effectively in battle.
His best general, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, destroyed hostile daimyo and controlled most of the country by 1590; his troops withdrew from Korea.
Tokugawa Shogunate Unites Japan
Tokugawa Ieyasu completed the unification of Japan and became shogun in 1603, moving the capital to Edo (Tokyo).
To prevent rebellion, Ieyasu required daimyo to spend every other year in the capital.
He tamed the daimyo through the "alternate attendance policy" and other restrictions.
*Japan was unified, but the daimyo still governed at the local level.
*As a result, the rule of law overcame the rule of the sword.
Life in Tokugawa Japan
The Tokugawa era brought stability, prosperity, and isolation.
Farmers produced more food, and the population rose, but peasants faced heavy taxes.
Tokugawa society was structured with the emperor as a figurehead and the shogun as the actual ruler.
Confucian values influenced ideas about society, though peasant farmers bore the main tax burden.
Japan shifted from a rural to an urban society by the mid-1700s.
Culture Under the Tokugawa Shogunate
Samurai attended noh dramas, read tales of warriors, and hung paintings from classical literature.
Townspeople read realistic stories about self-made merchants or hardships of life and Haiku poetry.
*Townspeople also attended kabuki theater. Actors in elaborate costumes, using music, dance, and mime, performed skits about modern life.
Contact Between Europe and Japan
Europeans began coming to Japan in the 16th century, bringing new technologies and ideas.
Portugal Sends Ships, Merchants, and Technology to Japan
The Japanese first encountered Europeans in 1543 when shipwrecked Portuguese sailors washed up on the shores of Southern Japan.
They brought clocks, eyeglasses, and firearms, which the daimyo welcomed for their advantage over rivals; some daimyo trained peasants to use muskets.
*Firearms forever changed the time-honored tradition of the Japanese warrior, whose principal weapon had been the sword.The cannon also had an impact on life in Japan.Daimyo had to build fortified castles, like the Himeji Castle, to withstand the destructive force of cannonballs. The castles attracted merchants, artisans, and others to surrounding lands.
Christian Missionaries in Japan
Christian missionaries, including Francis Xavier, arrived in 1549 and converted about 300,000 Japanese by 1600.
Ieyasu found aspects of the Christian invasion troublesome and banned Christianity, focusing on ridding his country of all Christians.
The Closed Country Policy
The persecution of Christians was part of an attempt to control foreign ideas; by 1639, Japan had sealed its borders and instituted a "closed country policy."
Most commercial contacts with Europeans ended, but Nagasaki remained open to Dutch and Chinese merchants.
Lesson 4: Spain Builds an American Empire
Setting the Stage
Competition for wealth in Asia motivated Christopher Columbus to sail west from Spain in 1492.
Columbus landed in the Caribbean, connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
The Voyages of Columbus
Columbus’s fleet reached the shores of what Europeans saw as an astonishing new world.
First Encounters
Columbus landed on an island in the Bahamas on October 1.
Believing he had reached the East Indies, Columbus called the native people "Indians."
Columbus claimed the island of Spain and named it San Salvador.
Columbus made various voyages throughout the Caribbean and other islands.
Other Explorers Take to the Seas
Portugal’s King John II supported exploration of the Americas, claiming Brazil after Pedro Álvares Cabral reached its shores in 1500.
Amerigo Vespucci claimed the land was a "new" world, leading a German mapmaker to name the continent "America."
*In 1519, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan led the boldest exploitation yet.
Spanish Conquests in Mexico
Hernando Cortés landed on the shores of Mexico in 1519, seeking to claim new lands for Spain.
Cortés and other Spanish explorers, known as conquistadors, carved out colonies in Mexico, South America, and the United States.
Cortés Conquers the Aztecs
Cortés reached the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlán and captured Emperor Montezuma II, disrupting the system of trade.
The Aztecs controlled hundreds of smaller surrounding cities. They gained economic power by demanding periodic payments from these conquered communities. The Spaniards disrupted this system of tribute as they invaded areas that had been under Aztec control.
Many peoples from these areas were willing to ally themselves with Cortés as he sought to conquer Tenochtitlán.
Spanish advantages such as superior weaponry, disease, and native groups in the region helped them defeat the Aztecs.
The Aztecs controlled hundreds of smaller surrounding cities. They gained economic power by demanding periodic payments from these conquered communities.
*The Spaniards largely destroyed Aztec culture. For example, the Aztecs maintained a series of painted books called codices. Codices described Aztec history, economy, religious beliefs, and daily life.
Spanish Conquests in Peru
Francisco Pizarro marched into South America in 1532 and conquered the Incan Empire.
Pizarro Subdues the Inca
Pizarro met the Incan ruler Atahualpa near Cajamarca, crushed the Incan force, and kidnapped Atahualpa.
The Spaniards then moved into the smaller surrounding cities that were under Incan control and plundered them of gold and silver.
*Pizarro captured Cuzco in 1533 and established a administration offering Incan lands to the Spanish conqueror.s
*Spanish explores conquered the Maya civilizations.
*Created and American Emipre which includes New Spain also known as Mexico, Guatemala, and Central America.
Spain’s Pattern of Conquest
The Spaniards used techniques from the reconquista of Spain, imposing Spanish culture upon them.
Male Spanish settlers, known as peninsulares, had relationships with native women, creating a large mestizo population.
The Spanish enslaved Native Americans under the encomienda system.
The Portuguese in Brazil
Portugal claimed Brazil in 1500 and began settling the coastal region in the 1530s.
Colonists grew sugar, creating giant sugar plantations that enriched Portugal and relied on native and African slaves.
Slave-hunting expeditions, or bandeiras, sought natives to be captured to work on plantations.
Spain’s Influence Expands
Spain’s colonies made it the richest and most powerful nation and ushered in a golden age of art and culture.
Conquistadors Push North
Spanish expeditions into the southwestern United States, led by Juan Ponce de León and Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, sought land and wealth.
Catholic priests explored and colonized the future United States with missions, forts, and ranches among the Pueblo.
Opposition to Spanish Rule
Spanish priests, including Bartolomé de Las Casas, criticized the harsh treatment of natives.
The Legacy of Columbus
*Legacy is debated, by their nature, interpretations of historical events are limited because they arise from a person’s particular frame of reference.
*The credibility, or believability, of the participants must be considered as well.
African Slavery and Native Resistance
*The Spanish government abolished the encomienda system in 1542. To meet the colonies’ need for labor Las Casas had the thought that African slaves should be utilized.
*Opposition to the Spanish method of colonization came not only from Spanish priests, but also from the natives themselves. Resistance to Spain’s attempt at domination began shortly after the Spanish arrived in the Caribbean.
The rebellion involved more than 8,000 warriors from villages all over New Mexico.
Scupture of Pueblo leader Popé
Lesson 5: European Nations Settle North America
Setting the Stage
Spain’s colonization in the Americas inspired other European nations to seek their own colonies.
Competing Claims in North America
European countries hoped to find a northwest trade route through North America to Asia, but instead, they established colonies.
Explorers Establish New France
French explorers, including Giovanni da Verrazzano and Jacques Cartier, explored North America; Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec in 1608.
French Jesuit priest Jacques Marquette and trader Louis Joliet explored the Great Lakes and the upper Mississippi River.
Sieur de La Salle explored the lower Mississippi. He claimed the entire river val- ley for France.
A Trading Empire
New France was immense but sparsely populated; the French focused on the fur trade and converting Native Americans.
The English Arrive in North America
In 1606, a company of London investors received a charter from King James to found a colony in North America.
The Settlement at Jamestown
The colonists claimed Jamestown in 1607 in honor of their king, but the colony struggled in the beginning.
It was when tobacco was discovered as a profit crop which helped them succeed.
Puritans Create a “New England”
In 1620, Pilgrims founded Plymouth and sought for persecution of their religious beliefs.
Puritans Create a “New England”Ten years later, Puritans sought religious freedom and established Massachusetts Bay, aiming to set an example for other Christians.
*This was mainly due to the numerous families in the colony, unlike the mostly single, male population in Jamestown.
The Dutch Found New Netherland
Henry Hudson explored waterways for the Dutch, leading to the establishment of New Netherland with fur trading posts.
It attracted a variety of peoples as well.
Colonizing the Caribbean
During the 1600s, the nations of Europe also colonized the Caribbean.
*For those colonies they built huge cotton and sugar plantations which was demanding for steady labor (enslaved African).
The Struggle for North America
England, France, and the Netherlands battled one another for colonial supremacy.
The English Oust the Dutch
The English claimed New Netherland in 1664 and renamed it New York.
Having succeeded the Dutch to the shores of the Americas.
England Battles France
Interference led to a economic and political distress to England and France led to an encounter in 1754.
*France was defeated with the assistance of the British army on the north american contienent.
Native Americans Respond
As in Mexico and South America, the migration of Europeans to the present-day United States had a great impact on Native American cultures.
A Strained Relationship
*French and Dutch settlers developed a mostly cooperative relationship with the Native Americans. This was mainly due to the mutual benefits of the fur trade.
Settlers and Native Americans Battle
*The hostility between the English settlers and Native Americans led to warfare. As early as 1622, the Powhatan tribe attacked colonial villages around Jamestown and killed about 350 settlers. During the next few years, the colonists struck back and massacred hundreds of Powhatan.One of the bloodiest conflicts between colonists and Native Ameri- cans was known as King Philip’s War. It began in 1675 when the Native American ruler Metacom (also known as King Philip) led an attack on colonial villages throughout Massachusetts.
*Thousands of Native American tribe fell to smallpox, measles, and other diseases.
One of the effects of this loss was a severe shortage of labor in the colo- nies. In order to meet their growing labor needs, European colonists soon turned to another group: Africans, whom they would enslave by the millions.
Lesson 6: The Atlantic Slave Trade
*Sugar plantations and tobacco farms required a large supply of workers to make them profitable for their owners.
This demand for cheap labor resulted in the brutalities of the slave trade.
The Causes of African Slavery
*European colonists in the Americas who needed cheap labor began using enslaved Africans on plan- tations and farms.
Slavery in Africa
*Slavery had existed in Africa for centuries
Muslim rulers in Africa justified enslavement with the Muslim belief that non-Muslim prisoners of war could be bought and sold as slaves.
The Demand for Africans
*The first Europeans to explore Africa were the Portuguese during the 1400s.
Europeans saw advantages in using Africans in the Americas. First, many Africans had been exposed to European diseases and had built up some immunity. Second, many Africans had experience in farming and could be taught plantation work. Third, Africans were less likely to escape because they did not know their way around the new land. Fourth, their skin color made it easier to catch them if they escaped and tried to live among others.
the buying and selling of Africans for work in the Americas— known as the Atlantic slave trade—became a massive enterprise.
*
Spain and Portugal Lead the Way
Spain moved on from the Caribbean and began to colonize the American mainland. As a result, the Spanish imported and enslaved thousands more Africans.
*Systems of Labor
*There has been and system known as Labor among the Spanish systems of labor where they forced other into labor.
Indentured servitude was a system of labor by which a person could work to pay off the cost of coming to the Americas.
Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas
England now dominated due to landmass which brought opportunity.
They transported 40%. of African slaves to be utilized.
African Cooperation and Resistance
*Most European trad- ers, rather than travel inland, waited in ports along the coasts of Africa.
*African merchants, with the help of local rulers, captured Africans to be enslaved.
Historical data
Slavery probably began with the development of farming about 10
Lesson 7: The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade
Setting the Stage
The establishment of colonies in the Americas led to the movement of new plants, animals, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
This global transfer of plants, animals, and diseases is known as the Columbian Exchange.
The Columbian Exchange
The Columbian Exchange involved the exchange of various items between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.
From the Americas to Europe, Africa, and Asia:
Tomatoes: Became integrated into Mediterranean cuisine.
Potatoes: Became a staple crop in Ireland and other parts of Europe.
Corn (Maize): Widely adopted in Africa and Asia.
Tobacco: Became a valuable cash crop, though with health consequences.
Other crops: Squash, beans, peppers, cacao, etc.
From Europe, Africa, and Asia to the Americas:
Horses: Revolutionized transportation and hunting for Native Americans.
Cattle: Provided meat and dairy products; transformed agriculture.
Sheep: Source of wool; impacted grazing lands.
Pigs: Became a food source and altered local ecosystems.
Diseases: Smallpox, measles, influenza devastated native populations.
Grains: Wheat, rice, barley became staple crops.
Global Trade
The Columbian Exchange facilitated global trade and interactions.
The Rise of Global Trade
European nations established colonies and trading networks around the world.
The exchange of goods, ideas, and technologies accelerated economic and cultural interactions.
The Impact on Societies
The Columbian Exchange had profound effects on societies worldwide.
Positive Impacts:
Increased food supply and dietary diversity globally.
Economic growth through new trade opportunities.
Negative Impacts:
Spread of diseases that decimated indigenous populations.
Enslavement of Africans to support plantation economies.
Mercantilism
European powers adopted mercantilism, an economic policy that emphasized national wealth and self-sufficiency.
Colonies were seen as sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods; this system led to trade imbalances and colonial exploitation.
Nations sought to export more than they imported to accumulate wealth (gold and silver).