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lithosphere
rocky part of the earth, amde up of upper mantle and crust
atomosphere
layer of gases typically called air
hydrosphere
interaction of all water properties: including oceans, seas, lakes and even water in soil
biosphere
an interaction of all spheres that supports lving organisms
most abundantn gas
nitrogen
what happens to air the higher u do?
earth gets thinner
where elze can u find the hydrosphere
soil of plants, in the air
cryosphere
frozen part of atmosphere that influences atmospheric and oceans circulaitons and currents
wht does cryospherer do
influences atmospheric and oceans circulaitons and currents
what are lving conditions
the only planet in our solar system to sustain life
cycle oxygen
reservoirs of exygen:
atmosphere: 0.49
biosphere: 0.01
lithosphere: 0.99.5
photolysis:
oxygen is formed thru uv light, and transforming it into hydrogen or oxygen
oxygen molecules:
o2 (oxygen), o3 (ozone)
cellular respiration
photosynthesis
ntirogen cycle
how much does nitrgen take up in the atmosphere
nitrogen fixing bacteria
useable nitrogen forms: nitrate, nitrite, ammonium acids
non-useable nitrogen forms: nitrogen
where do they live: legumes
denitrifying bacteria
how does human activity affect the nitrogen cycle
essential component in cycling phosphorus
what 4 steps happen in phosphorus cycle:
weathering and erosion
plants eat, phosphorus ions join food chain
absorbed by organisms, returned to soil by urine, faeces and decomposition
phosphorus is then locked in sediments and rocks for years until it get released again
what is unique about phosphorus: no gaseous phase
bad part about phosphorus cycle: eutrophication
eutrophication: when there is a runoff of phosphorus and nitrogen ions into waterways. Phosphorus encourages plant grwoth, due to theri synthesis of ATP, energy molecules, and grows aquatic plants, such as plankton, which uses up majority of oxygen in the oceans, casuing fish and marine animals to suffocate, as well as algae
water cycle: when the sun rays hit waterways, evaporating and creating water vapour. It rises up, adn as it rises the air becomes cold and it transforms to a liquid state, forming clouds which can then be moved by wind. The cloud empties out with precipitation (snow, rain or wind)
water vapour
clouds
precipitation
weather: short-term
climate: long term
why is warmer near the equator: directly close to the sun n the middle of the day
wind
coriolis effect
isobars
cycling carbon
geologic carbon cycle
biological/physical carbon cycle
hwo have humans increased lebels of co2 in the atmospherer
where cqn cqrbpn we located: forests and ocenas
carbon sinks: something that absorbs or stores oxygen
what canbe considered carbon sinks?: forests and oceans
what happens when u harvest carbon sinks?
oceans?: becomes more acidic — the more carbon it absorbs, the lower the pH — causing issues such as coral bleachng, due to the expellage of algae that give it its colour
forests?: loss of biodiverity, more carbon in atmospehre, less capacity to absorb carbon to turn into oxygen
natural greenhouse gases: traps heat in atomosphere
natural greenhouse effect: gases in the atmosphere that keep the earth warm — is critical for the earths life
enhandced greenhouse effect: increased level of greenhouse gases
naturla sources of methane in the earths atmosphere: cows
human acivity of methane
melting sea ice
permafrost
rising sea levels
extreme weather events
health and disease
loss fo buidiviersity
properties of colder wter and where it goes
properties of warm wter and where it goes
what is el nino: the oceans toward the pacific are warmer than usual, influencing more dryer weather and reducing rainfall in Australia and increasing possiblity of floods in areas such as indonesia, brazil and india
effects on australia?
kyoto protocol
cabron tax
carbon trading scheme
geosequestriation: capture and storage of carbon underground, most often by oil companies
interaction of spheres?
atmosphere and hydropsphere
interacts with lithosphere
affect all roganisms on the biosphere