Industrial and Economic Development
Unit 2 Learning Targets
Lesson #2.1 - The Industrial Revolution (Amsco pgs. 447-451)
Definition of the Industrial Revolution: A period of major industrialization that began in Great Britain in the late 1700s and spread to other parts of the world. It marked a shift from agrarian economies to industrialized ones, characterized by the growth of factories and mass production.
SPEED Impacts of the Industrial Revolution:
Social Changes:
Transformation in the structure of families and communities.
Urbanization as people moved to cities for factory jobs.
Changes in labor roles, especially for women and children.
Political Effects:
Rise of labor movements and unions advocating for workers’ rights.
Increased political power for the working class.
Economic Factors:
Increased demand for raw materials from the primary sector of the economy due to manufacturing needs.
Shift towards a market economy, influencing consumption patterns.
Environmental Impact:
Significant environmental degradation due to industrial waste and pollution.
Exploitation of natural resources at an unprecedented rate.
Demographic Changes:
Population increase due to improved food production and health but also migration patterns shifting to urban centers.
Lesson #2.2 - Economic Indicators of Development (Amsco pgs. 462-467)
Economic Development Levels:
Different levels are characterized by terms such as:
Low Income Country (LIC)
Middle Income Country (MIC)
High Income Country (HIC)
Less Developed Country (LDC)
Newly Industrialized Country (NIC)
More Developed Country (MDC)
Economic Indicators of Development:
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total monetary value of all goods and services produced in a country within a specific time period.
Gross National Product (GNP): The total value of all finished goods and services produced by a country’s residents, regardless of location.
Gross National Income (GNI): The total income received by a country’s residents and businesses, including any income earned abroad.
Correlations Between Economic Indicators and Development:
A positive correlation exists between GDP and overall standard of living.
Negative correlations can appear when GDP growth occurs without a proportional increase in welfare.
Spatial Patterns of Economic Development:
High, middle, and low economic development is often spatially distributed across regions and countries, influenced by factors like industrialization and foreign investments.
Limitations of Economic Indicators:
GDP does not account for income inequality or environmental damage.
GNI may not reflect the real economic welfare if income distribution is skewed.
Lesson #2.3 - Economic Sectors (Amsco pgs. 452-454)
Description of Economic Sectors:
Primary Sector: Industries involved in the extraction of natural resources (e.g., agriculture, mining).
Secondary Sector: Industries that process raw materials into goods.
Tertiary Sector: Service industries (e.g., retail, entertainment).
Quaternary Sector: Knowledge-based services (e.g., education, IT).
Quinary Sector: High-level decision making (e.g., non-profit organizations, universities).
Correlation between Economic Structure and Development:
A country's economic structure changes as it develops, moving from primary to higher-order sectors.
Changes Over Time:
Development typically leads toward a more significant tertiary and quaternary sector presence.
Underlying SPEED Factors:
Social, political, economic, environmental, and demographic factors drive changes in economic structure and development.
Lesson #2.4 - Social Measures of Development (Amsco pgs. 467-470)
Social Indicators of Development Related to Health:
Total Fertility Rate (TFR): The average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR): The number of infant deaths per 1,000 live births in a given year.
Maternal Mortality Rate: The number of deaths due to complications of pregnancy and childbirth per 100,000 live births.
Adolescent Fertility Rate: The number of births per 1,000 women aged 15-19.
Life Expectancy: The average number of years a person is expected to live based on statistical trends.
Indicators Related to Education:
Literacy Rate: The percentage of people who can read and write.
Mean Years of Schooling: The average number of years of education received by people in the population.
Composite Social Indicators:
Gender Inequality Index (GII): A measure of gender disparities in reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.
Human Development Index (HDI): A composite statistic of life expectancy, education, and per capita income indicators, used to rank countries.
Correlations Between Social Indicators and Development:
Strong correlations exist between education levels and economic prosperity.
Health indicators often reflect the development stage of a country.
Global and Regional Patterns:
Clear patterns exist in social development levels across different continents, often correlating with economic indicators.
Lesson #2.6 - Rostow’s Model of Development (Amsco pgs. 479-481)
Rostow Modernization Model: A theoretical framework for understanding economic development, suggesting societies progress through five stages.
Five Stages of Rostow’s Model:
Traditional Society: Characterized by subsistence farming and little technological innovation.
Preconditions for Takeoff: Introduction of more advanced methods of farming and infrastructure development.
Takeoff: Industrial revolution leads to significant economic growth and urbanization.
Drive to Maturity: Economic growth becomes self-sustaining; technological advancements flourish.
High Mass Consumption: The economy shifts to consumer goods and widespread welfare programs.
Country Examples by Stage:
Countries such as South Korea are often cited in stages 2-5.
Correlations with Developmental Indicators:
The model assumes increasing GDP and improvement in education as societies progress through stages.
Assumptions of the Model:
Assumes linear progression and a one-size-fits-all approach to development.
Limitations of the Model:
Critiques include oversimplification and neglect of external factors like global trade.
Lesson #2.7 - Wallerstein’s World Systems Theory (Amsco pgs. 481-483)
Definition of World Systems Theory: A framework for understanding the world economic system's structure, where countries are divided into core, semi-periphery, and periphery.
Characteristics of Each Country Type:
Core Countries: Economically dominant nations with advanced technologies and high levels of industrialization (e.g., USA, Germany).
Semi-Periphery Countries: Nations experiencing moderate industrialization and economic development (e.g., Brazil, India).
Periphery Countries: Less developed regions often exploited for resources (e.g., Haiti, many African nations).
Interdependence:
Describes how different categories of countries depend on each other economically, leading to a globalized economy.
Limitations of World Systems Theory:
Critics argue it overly emphasizes economic factors while neglecting cultural and political dimensions.
Lesson #2.8 - Density and Distribution (Amsco pgs. 55-63)
Factors Affecting Human Settlements:
Physical geography (climate, terrain), availability of resources, and economic opportunities influence settlement locations and sizes.
Population Distribution Types:
Clustered: Populations are grouped in specific areas.
Linear: Populations are distributed along a line, often following transportation routes.
Dispersed: Populations are spread out over a larger area.
Arithmetic Population Density:
Population density calculated by dividing the total population by the land area.
Formula: D = rac{P}{A}, where D is density, P is population, and A is area.
Pros and Cons of Density Levels:
Higher density can lead to more efficient use of resources but can also create overcrowding and strain on services.
Physiological Density:
Measures the number of people per unit of arable land.
Formula: PD = rac{P}{A{arable}}, where PD is physiological density and A{arable} is arable land area.
Carrying Capacity:
The maximum population size that an environment can sustain indefinitely.
Increasing/Decreasing Pressure on Land:
Factors influencing this include land use practices, urban development, and environmental policies.
Lesson #2.9 - The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) (Amsco pgs. 447-450 and pgs. 76-87)
Purpose of the DTM: To illustrate the transition of a country from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system.
Features of the DTM:
Crude Birth Rate (CBR): The number of live births per 1,000 people each year.
Crude Death Rate (CDR): The number of deaths per 1,000 people each year.
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI): The growth rate of a population (CBR - CDR).
Stage Identification:
Stage 1: High birth and death rates.
Stage 2: High birth rates and declining death rates.
Stage 3: Declining birth rates and low death rates.
Stage 4: Low birth and death rates.
Stage 5: Very low birth rates and potential population decline.
Mathematical Application:
To calculate CBR and CDR:
CBR = (Births/Population) * 1000
CDR = (Deaths/Population) * 1000
Correlations with Other Models:
The DTM correlates with economic models of development reflecting changing economic structures during transitions.
Lesson #2.10 - Population Structure and Dependency Ratio (Amsco pgs. 64-70, Pg. 82, Pgs. 88-89, Pgs. 99-101)
Epidemiological Transition Model: Illustrates shifts in population health from infectious diseases to chronic illnesses as development progresses.
Age Structure Characteristics:
Different stages of the demographic transition will display varying age structures, significantly influencing social services and economic needs.
Dependency Ratio:
The ratio of dependents (aged 0-14 and over 65) to the working-age population (aged 15-64).
Can indicate economic pressure on the productive age group.
Impacts of Dependency Ratios:
High youth dependency ratios can strain educational systems.
High elderly dependency ratios can increase healthcare needs and pensions.
SPEED Impacts:
Aging populations: increased demand for healthcare services, shifts in labor markets.
Youthful populations: potential for economic growth but require substantial educational investment.
Lesson #2.11 - Population Policies (Amsco pgs. 93-95)
Issues with Population Growth:
Fast-growing populations can lead to resource depletion, while slow-growing populations can face labor shortages.
Solutions:
Adjusting birth rates, incentives for larger families, or policies to stimulate immigration can balance population dynamics.
Pro and Anti Natalist Strategies:
Pro-natalist policies: Encourage higher birth rates through incentives.
Anti-natalist policies: Discourage higher birth rates through restrictions and education (e.g., One Child Policy in China).
Lesson #2.13 - Intro to Migration (Amsco pgs. 108-111, 115-119)
Migration Categories:
International Migration: Movement across international borders.
Internal Migration: Movement within a country, subdivided into interregional (between regions) and intraregional (within a region).
Circulatory Migration: Temporary, repeat migration often for seasonal work.
Causes of Migration:
Push Factors: Negative conditions prompting migration (e.g., war, economic downturn).
Pull Factors: Positive conditions attracting migrants (e.g., job opportunities, safety).
Migration Transition Model: Describes changes in migration patterns as countries develop economically and socially.
Intervening Factors:
Obstacles: Physical or legal barriers to migration.
Opportunities: Attractive aspects in a destination that may inhibit return migration.
Types of Migration:
Forced Migration: Occurs against the individual's will (e.g., refugees).
Voluntary Migration: Based on individual choice (e.g., job relocation).
Lesson #2.14 - Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration (Amsco pg. 112-113)
Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration:
Who Migrates: Typically young adults in search of work.
Where Migration Occurs: People are likely to migrate to urban areas.
Why Migration Happens: Economic factors are the primary drivers.
How Migration Happens: Migrants often travel short distances or in steps (step migration).
Modern Impacts:
Validity challenged by today’s longer migration distances and permanent relocations.
Guest Worker Programs: Allow temporary migration for work, impacting labor availability profoundly both in host and home countries.
Lesson #2.15-#2.16 - Effects of Migration (Amsco pgs. 120-122)
SPEED Effects of Migration on Sending Countries:
Loss of skilled labor (brain drain).
Remittances boosting local economies.
Effects on Receiving Countries:
Cultural diversification, economic contributions but potential xenophobia and integration challenges.
Vocabulary Related to Migration Effects:
Ethnic Enclave: Communities that maintain cultural traditions in a new country.
Xenophobia: Fear and discrimination against migrants.
Brain Drain/Gain: Loss of skilled individuals to other countries or the influx of skilled migrants boosting local economies.
Remittances: Money sent back home by migrants, critical for developing economies.
Quota Laws: Legal limits on the number of immigrants allowed.
Homestead Act: Historical policies affecting population movement.