pharmacy tech tech stuff
Medication storage factors — Temperature, humidity, and light affect medication stability
Why proper medication storage matters — Maintains drug integrity and effectiveness
Where to find storage requirements — Package label, package insert, or manufacturer
Room temperature range (Celsius) — 20°C to 25°C
Room temperature range (Fahrenheit) — 68°F to 77°F
Refrigerator temperature range (Celsius) — 1.7°C to 7.8°C
Refrigerator temperature range (Fahrenheit) — 35°F to 46°F
Freezer temperature — −15°C (5°F) or lower
How often pharmacy staff check temperatures — Twice daily
Formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit — F = (9/5 × C) + 32
Formula to convert Fahrenheit to Celsius — C = (F − 32) × 5/9
20°C in Fahrenheit — 68°F
86°F in Celsius — 30°C
25°C in Fahrenheit — 77°F
10°C in Fahrenheit — 50°F
2°C in Fahrenheit — 35.6°F
68°F in Celsius — 20°C
104°F in Celsius — 40°C
32°F in Celsius — 0°C
First step if medication is stored incorrectly — Move to proper storage immediately
Second step if medication is stored incorrectly — Assess impact on drug efficacy
Third step if medication is stored incorrectly — Notify pharmacist
Fourth step if medication is stored incorrectly — Review storage protocols with staff
Fifth step if medication is stored incorrectly — Inspect storage areas regularly
Nitroglycerin storage requirement — Must be kept in original amber bottle
Why nitroglycerin stays in original bottle — Sensitive to light and humidity
Medications that require refrigeration (examples) — Latanoprost, insulin, vaginal rings, promethazine suppositories
Antibiotic powders before reconstitution — Stored at room temperature
Antibiotic powders after reconstitution — May require refrigeration
🧠 Extra (Test-style cards)
Which medication must stay in original container? — Nitroglycerin
Why are amber bottles used? — Protect from light
Communication in pharmacy — A soft skill requiring adaptability, respect, and cultural awareness
External customers — Patients and caregivers
Internal customers — Staff and healthcare professionals
Adaptability in communication — Adjusting communication style based on the audience
How to communicate with healthcare professionals — Use medical terminology
How to communicate with patients — Use plain language and avoid complex terms
Why plain language is important — Improves understanding and patient engagement
Respect in healthcare — Treating all patients with dignity regardless of background
Examples of patient diversity — Age, race, religion, gender identity, sexual orientation, medical condition
How to show respect to patients — Active listening, empathy, involving them in decisions
Why mutual respect matters in pharmacy — Improves teamwork, work culture, and job satisfaction
Professional communication tip — Limit medical terminology when speaking to patients
Cultural sensitivity — Awareness and respect for different cultural beliefs
Why cultural sensitivity matters — Helps provide culturally competent care
When cultural sensitivity is important — Birth control, hormone therapy, emergency contraceptives
How to demonstrate cultural sensitivity — Avoid judgment and respect differences
Clinical empathy — Understanding and sharing patient feelings while staying professional
How to show clinical empathy — Active listening, acknowledging emotions, showing compassion
Why clinical empathy matters — Builds trust and improves patient satisfaction
Example of empathy in pharmacy — Listening to patient concerns and asking respectful questions
Who answers clinical questions — Pharmacist
🧠 Test-style cards
Best example of cultural awareness in pharmacy — Tailoring communication about birth control respectfully
What is NOT respectful behavior — Ignoring patient concerns or pronouns
What is unethical behavior in pharmacy communication — Dismissing patient concerns based on personal beliefs
Controlled Substances Act (CSA) — Federal law regulating controlled substances
Who enforces CSA — Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA)
DEA Form 222 purpose — Used to order C-II medications
DEA Form 222 format — Triplicate paper form
Who signs DEA Form 222 — Pharmacist or power of attorney
Where copies of Form 222 go — Supplier, DEA, pharmacy
How long Form 222 is valid — 60 days
How long Form 222 must be kept — 2 years
CSOS (Controlled Substance Ordering System) — Electronic system to order C-II medications
Advantage of CSOS — Faster ordering with electronic signature
Which schedules require Form 222 — C-II only
Which schedules do NOT require Form 222 — C-III to C-V
DEA Form 41 purpose — Disposal of controlled substances
When Form 41 is used — Expired, damaged, or unused meds
How controlled substances can be disposed — Manufacturer, wholesaler, reverse distributor
DEA Form 106 purpose — Report theft or loss of controlled substances
Who is responsible for reporting theft — Pharmacist
Technician role in theft situations — Gather inventory/count information
Controlled substance inventory requirement — Every 2 years
How long inventory records must be kept — 2 years
C-II inventory requirement — Exact count required
C-III to C-V inventory requirement — May estimate
Perpetual inventory log — Ongoing record of controlled substances
Who updates perpetual inventory — Technician
Who verifies perpetual inventory — Pharmacist
C-II prescription filing requirement — Must be filed separately
C-III to C-V filing options — With non-controlled (with red “C”) or separate file
Controlled substance lending between pharmacies — Allowed under specific rules
Requirement for lending controlled substances — Both pharmacies must be DEA registered
Form used for lending controlled substances — DEA Form 222
Max amount that can be lent — 5% of annual supply
Example of 5% rule — 1,000 tablets → max 50 tablets can be lent
How to verify prescriber legitimacy — Check DEA number
What to do if prescription seems fraudulent — Notify pharmacist immediately
🧠 Test-style cards
How can C-II meds be ordered? — Electronically (CSOS) or paper (Form 222)
Can C-II meds be ordered by phone or fax? — No
🚨 HIGH-YIELD (you NEED these for your test)
Form 222 = Order C-II
Form 41 = Dispose
Form 106 = Theft/Loss
C-II = Exact count + separate file
Inventory = Every 2 years
Max transfer = 5%
INPATIENT PHARMACY & PRESCRIPTION VERIFICATION
Inpatient pharmacy — Pharmacy within a hospital or health system
Key difference in inpatient setting — DEA number not required on prescription
Why DEA number isn’t required inpatient — Hospital keeps prescriber DEA numbers on file
Do inpatient pharmacies follow CSA laws? — Yes, most laws still apply
📋 CONTROLLED SUBSTANCE PRESCRIPTION REQUIREMENTS
Basic prescription components — Drug name, strength, dosage form, route, directions, quantity
Additional CSA-required components — Patient info, prescriber info, DEA number, date, refills, signature
Patient information required — Full name and full street address
Prescriber information required — Name, address, phone number, DEA number
Exception (inpatient) — DEA number not required on prescription
Prescription must include date — Date issued by prescriber
Prescription must include refills — Number of refills authorized
Prescription must include signature — Prescriber’s signature
🚨 FRAUD & PRESCRIPTION SAFETY
Why controlled substance prescriptions are high risk — High abuse potential
Examples of fraudulent prescriptions —
Stolen prescription pads
Fake prescriber names
Invalid DEA numbers
Altered phone numbers
First step if prescription seems fraudulent — Notify pharmacist immediately
Technician’s role in verification — Check required components before processing
🧠 TEST-STYLE CARDS
What is NOT required on inpatient controlled prescriptions? — DEA number
What should you do if a prescription looks altered or fake? — Tell the pharmacist
Who is on the front line for receiving prescriptions? — Pharmacy technician
🚨 HIGH-YIELD (MEMORIZE THIS)
Inpatient = No DEA number on Rx
Always check:
Patient info
Prescriber info
Date
Refills
Signature
Suspicious Rx = STOP + tell pharmacist immediately
MEDICATION INDICATIONS (Quizlet Set)
Medication indication — The disease or condition a drug is approved to treat
Labeled indication — FDA-approved use of a medication
Off-label use — Using a medication for a condition not FDA-approved
Is off-label use allowed? — Yes, if prescriber believes it benefits patient
Who approves medication indications — FDA
💊 COMMON MEDICATIONS (HIGH-YIELD)
Haloperidol (Haldol) — Schizophrenia
Insulin glargine (Lantus, Toujeo) — Type 1 & Type 2 diabetes
Levothyroxine (Synthroid) — Hypothyroidism
Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide) — Hypertension, edema
Lithium (Lithobid) — Bipolar disorder
Lorazepam (Ativan) — Anxiety
Metformin (Glucophage) — Type 2 diabetes
Memantine (Namenda) — Alzheimer’s disease
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) — ADHD, narcolepsy
Montelukast (Singulair) — Asthma, allergies
Ondansetron (Zofran) — Nausea, vomiting
Omeprazole (Prilosec) — GERD, ulcers
Pioglitazone (Actos) — Type 2 diabetes
Pregabalin (Lyrica) — Nerve pain, fibromyalgia
Quetiapine (Seroquel) — Bipolar, schizophrenia, depression
Metoprolol (Lopressor) — Hypertension, angina
Rosuvastatin (Crestor) — High cholesterol
Sertraline (Zoloft) — Depression, anxiety disorders
Sildenafil (Viagra) — Erectile dysfunction, pulmonary HTN
Bactrim (SMX/TMP) — Bacterial infections
Tamsulosin (Flomax) — BPH (prostate)
Tramadol (Ultram) — Pain
Valsartan (Diovan) — Hypertension, heart failure
Acyclovir (Zovirax) — Herpes infections
Hydrocodone/APAP (Norco) — Pain
Allopurinol (Zyloprim) — Gout
Alprazolam (Xanax) — Anxiety
Amitriptyline (Elavil) — Depression
Amlodipine (Norvasc) — Hypertension
Amoxicillin (Amoxil) — Bacterial infections
Aripiprazole (Abilify) — Bipolar, schizophrenia
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) — High cholesterol
Azithromycin (Zithromax) — Bacterial infections
Lisinopril (Zestril) — Hypertension, heart failure
Bupropion (Wellbutrin) — Depression, smoking cessation
Cephalexin (Keflex) — Bacterial infections
Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) — Bacterial infections
Citalopram (Celexa) — Depression
Albuterol (ProAir) — Asthma
Clopidogrel (Plavix) — Stroke, heart attack prevention
Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) — Muscle spasms
Diazepam (Valium) — Anxiety, seizures
Donepezil (Aricept) — Alzheimer’s
Duloxetine (Cymbalta) — Depression, nerve pain
Enoxaparin (Lovenox) — Blood clots (DVT)
Escitalopram (Lexapro) — Depression, anxiety
Eszopiclone (Lunesta) — Insomnia
Advair (fluticasone/salmeterol) — Asthma, COPD
🧠 HIGH-YIELD MATCHES (EXAM FAVORITES)
Tamsulosin (Flomax) — BPH
Enoxaparin (Lovenox) — DVT
Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) — Muscle spasm
Lisinopril (Zestril) — Hypertension
Rosuvastatin (Crestor) — Hyperlipidemia
🧬 BIOSIMILARS (TESTABLE)
Biosimilar — Similar version of a biologic drug
Interchangeable biosimilar — Can be substituted without new prescription
Key rule — Only interchangeable biosimilars can be substituted
Purple Book — Lists biologics, biosimilars, and interchangeability
🚨 HIGH-YIELD (YOU NEED THIS FOR YOUR SCORE)
Focus on:
Diabetes → Metformin, Insulin
BP → Lisinopril, Amlodipine
Cholesterol → Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin
Mental health → Sertraline, Xanax
Pain → Tramadol, Norco
Infections → Amoxicillin, Azithromycin
BEHIND-THE-COUNTER (BTC) MEDICATIONS
Behind-the-counter (BTC) medications — OTC drugs kept behind the pharmacy counter due to legal restrictions
Why BTC medications are restricted — Potential for misuse or safety concerns
Examples of BTC categories — Pseudoephedrine products, codeine cough meds, insulin
Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed) — Nasal and sinus congestion
Fexofenadine + pseudoephedrine (Allegra-D) — Seasonal allergies
Loratadine + pseudoephedrine (Claritin-D) — Cold and allergy symptoms
Codeine + guaifenesin (Cheratussin AC) — Cough
Codeine + promethazine — Cough
Insulin regular (Humulin R) — Diabetes
Insulin isophane NPH (Novolin N) — Diabetes
Insulin 70/30 (Humulin 70/30) — Diabetes
🧠 TEST-STYLE CARDS
Which BTC medications treat diabetes? — Insulin (Humulin R, Novolin N, 70/30)
Which ingredient makes products BTC for congestion meds? — Pseudoephedrine
Are all insulin products BTC? — No
What type of drug is insulin glargine-yfgn? — Prescription (legend drug)
Why is insulin glargine NOT BTC? — It is a biologic
🚨 HIGH-YIELD (EXAM FOCUS)
BTC = Behind the counter, NOT fully OTC
Pseudoephedrine = BTC (big test topic)
Insulin (some types) = BTC
Biologics = ALWAYS prescription
📚 MEDICATION CLASSIFICATIONS (Quizlet Set)
Medication classification — Grouping drugs by action, use, or body system
Why classifications matter — Helps understand drug effects, uses, and patient impact
⚙ CLASSIFICATION TYPES
Classification by mechanism of action — How the drug works in the body
Classification by therapeutic indication — What condition the drug treats
Classification by body system — Which system the drug affects
💡 EXAMPLES OF CLASSIFICATION
Metoprolol classification (mechanism) — Beta-blocker
Metoprolol classification (use) — Antihypertensive
Metoprolol body system — Cardiovascular
⚠ IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
Therapeutic equivalence — Drugs have same effect, safety, and bioavailability
Are same-class drugs always interchangeable? — No
Reference for therapeutic equivalence — Orange Book
🔟 TOP 10 PRESCRIBED DRUGS (HIGH-YIELD)
Lisinopril (Zestril) — ACE inhibitor, BP
Levothyroxine (Synthroid) — Thyroid hormone
Atorvastatin (Lipitor) — Statin, cholesterol
Metformin (Glucophage) — Diabetes
Simvastatin (Zocor) — Statin
Omeprazole (Prilosec) — Proton pump inhibitor (acid reducer)
Amlodipine (Norvasc) — Calcium channel blocker
Metoprolol (Lopressor) — Beta-blocker
Hydrocodone/APAP (Norco) — Opioid pain reliever
Albuterol (ProAir) — Bronchodilator
🧪 CLASSIFICATIONS BY ACTION (EXAMPLES)
ACE inhibitor — BP (Captopril)
Beta-blocker — Lowers heart rate/BP (Metoprolol)
Statin — Lowers cholesterol (Simvastatin)
SSRI — Antidepressant (Fluoxetine)
Benzodiazepine — Anxiety (Clonazepam)
Macrolide — Antibiotic (Azithromycin)
Cephalosporin — Antibiotic (Cephalexin)
Proton pump inhibitor (PPI) — Acid reducer (Pantoprazole)
H2 blocker — Acid reducer (Famotidine)
Beta-2 agonist — Bronchodilator (Albuterol)
🧍 CLASSIFICATIONS BY BODY SYSTEM
Cardiovascular system — Heart/blood vessels (Digoxin)
Endocrine system — Hormones (Insulin)
Gastrointestinal system — Stomach/intestines (Sucralfate)
Hematologic system — Blood (Enoxaparin)
Immune system — Immune response (Oseltamivir)
Nervous system — Brain/spinal cord (Donepezil)
Musculoskeletal system — Bones/muscles (Indomethacin)
Urinary system — Kidneys/bladder (Tamsulosin)
Respiratory system — Lungs (Salmeterol)
Reproductive system — Hormonal organs (Leuprolide)
🧬 BIOLOGICS & BIOSIMILARS
Biologic drug — Made from living organisms
Example biologic — Insulin glargine
Biosimilar — Similar version of a biologic
Reference product — Original biologic
Naming of biosimilars — Ends with 4 random letters
Interchangeable biosimilar — Can be substituted without new prescription
Where to check biosimilars — Purple Book
Key rule — Must be interchangeable AND allowed by state law
🧠 TEST-STYLE CARDS
Is insulin glargine OTC or prescription? — Prescription
What body system does insulin affect? — Endocrine
What is insulin’s therapeutic use? — Antidiabetic
🚨 HIGH-YIELD (EXAM BOOST)
Focus on:
BP meds → ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, CCBs
Cholesterol meds → Statins
Mental health meds → SSRIs, benzos
Asthma meds → Beta-2 agonists
Acid meds → PPIs + H2 blockers
📚 SIDE EFFECTS & ADVERSE REACTIONS
Side effect — Unintended, expected effect at normal dose
Can side effects be positive? — Yes
Example of positive side effect — Sildenafil helping erectile dysfunction
Adverse reaction — Undesirable, harmful, often more severe effect
Severity of adverse reactions — Can be dangerous or life-threatening
Example of adverse reaction — Severe allergic reaction to sulfa drugs
Do side effects and adverse reactions occur at normal doses? — Yes
Key difference (side effect vs adverse reaction) — Side effects = expected; adverse reactions = harmful
How to decide if medication should continue — Weigh benefit vs harm
When medication may continue — If side effects are mild and benefits outweigh risks
💊 COMMON MEDICATIONS (SIDE EFFECTS vs ADVERSE REACTIONS)
Acetaminophen (Tylenol) — Rash → Hepatotoxicity (liver damage)
Baclofen (Lioresal) — Drowsiness, nausea → CNS/withdrawal effects
Clindamycin (Cleocin) — Nausea → C. difficile infection
Diclofenac (Lofena) — Edema, nausea → None listed
Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) — Rash, fatigue → Heart, retinal, neuro effects
Lisinopril (Zestril) — Dizziness, hypotension → Kidney injury, angioedema
Morphine (Duramorph) — Nausea, rash → Respiratory depression, constipation
Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat) — Headache, dizziness → None listed
Phenytoin (Dilantin) — Rash, nausea → Blood disorders, liver toxicity
Amlodipine (Norvasc) — Nausea, fatigue → Peripheral edema
🧠 TEST-STYLE MATCHES (VERY IMPORTANT)
Acetaminophen → Hepatotoxicity
Clindamycin → C. difficile infection
Lisinopril → Acute kidney injury
Phenytoin → Blood dyscrasias
Amlodipine → Peripheral edema
🚨 HIGH-YIELD (MEMORIZE THESE)
Tylenol → Liver damage
Clindamycin → C. diff
Lisinopril → Angioedema + kidney issues
Morphine → Respiratory depression
Amlodipine → Edema (swelling)
⚡ QUICK MEMORY TRICKS
“C for Clinda → C. diff”
“Tylenol → Toxic liver”
“ACE (lisinopril) → Angioedema”
“Morphine → breathing slows”
📚 CONTRAINDICATIONS & INTERACTIONS
Contraindication — Situation where a medication should NOT be used due to risk
Medication interaction — When drugs/food affect how a medication works
⚠ TYPES OF CONTRAINDICATIONS
Relative contraindication — Use with caution (risk is higher but possible)
Absolute contraindication — NEVER use under any circumstances
💡 EXAMPLES (HIGH-YIELD)
Aspirin + warfarin — Relative contraindication (↑ bleeding risk)
Simvastatin + diltiazem (high dose) — Absolute contraindication
Isotretinoin + pregnancy — Absolute contraindication 🚨
Pseudoephedrine + hypertension — Relative contraindication
👩⚕ TECHNICIAN ROLE
What to do with interaction alerts — Notify pharmacist
When pharmacist review is critical — New prescriptions or multiple meds
⚙ TYPES OF MEDICATION INTERACTIONS
1. Absorption
Absorption interaction — Affects how drug is absorbed (GI tract)
Example — Omeprazole ↓ absorption of posaconazole
2. Distribution
Distribution interaction — Changes protein binding in blood
Example — Valproic acid ↑ warfarin levels → ↑ bleeding
3. Metabolism
Metabolism interaction — Alters liver enzyme activity
Example — Amiodarone ↑ warfarin levels → ↑ INR
4. Excretion
Excretion interaction — Affects kidney elimination
Example — Aspirin ↓ excretion of methotrexate → toxicity
5. Pharmacodynamic
Pharmacodynamic interaction — Drugs have similar effects
Example — Opioids + benzodiazepines → respiratory depression 🚨
🧠 KEY TERMS
Metabolite — Byproduct after drug is processed by body
🧠 TEST-STYLE CARDS
Which interactions affect kidney elimination? — Excretion
Which interactions involve liver enzymes? — Metabolism
Which interactions involve protein binding? — Distribution
Which interactions occur in GI tract? — Absorption
🚨 HIGH-YIELD (MEMORIZE THIS)
Opioids + benzos = breathing stops (BIG TEST ONE)
Warfarin = lots of interactions (bleeding risk)
Isotretinoin = NEVER in pregnancy
Methotrexate + aspirin = toxicity
Simvastatin + diltiazem = NO
⚡ QUICK MEMORY TRICK
ADME = interactions
A → Absorption (gut)
D → Distribution (blood/proteins)
M → Metabolism (liver)
E → Excretion (kidneys)
PRESCRIPTION FULFILLMENT & OBRA (Quizlet Set)
👩⚕ PRESCRIBERS & AUTHORITY
Prescriptive authority — Legal ability to write prescriptions
Who can prescribe (examples) — Physicians, dentists, NPs, PAs, optometrists
Are prescriber rules the same everywhere? — No (state-specific)
What to do if prescriber seems inappropriate — Check with pharmacist
📋 PRESCRIPTION COMPONENTS (HIGH-YIELD)
Required prescriber info — Name, address, phone
When is DEA number required? — Controlled substances only
Required patient info — Name, address, DOB
Required prescription details —
Drug name
Strength
Dosage form
Route
Dose
Quantity
Refills
Sig (Signa) — Directions for patient use
Prescription must include — Prescriber signature + date
🚨 FRAUD RED FLAGS
Suspicious prescription signs —
Multiple ink colors
Very neat handwriting
Large quantities (over 30-day supply)
Unusual formatting
✏ ABBREVIATIONS (SAFETY)
“Do Not Use” abbreviation lists come from —
The Joint Commission
ISMP
Examples of unsafe abbreviations —
HS (confusing)
D/C (discontinue or discharge)
TIW (unclear frequency)
✅ FIVE RIGHTS OF MEDICATION
Core Five Rights —
Right patient
Right drug
Right dose
Right route
Right time
Additional Rights —
Right technique
Right documentation
🏛 OBRA (VERY IMPORTANT)
OBRA (1990) — Federal law for pharmacy practice
What OBRA requires —
Patient profiles
Drug utilization review (DUR)
Offer counseling
Who can counsel patients? — Pharmacist ONLY
Technician role under OBRA —
Gather patient info
Assist workflow
Refer questions to pharmacist
🔍 DRUG UTILIZATION REVIEW (DUR)
DUR definition — Review of prescribing, dispensing, and patient use
What DUR checks —
Interactions
Allergies
Duplicate therapy
Dosing
🏥 INPATIENT FULFILLMENT
Inpatient prescriptions — Called medication orders
Where orders are entered — Computer system (CPOE)
Extra inpatient info — Room number, hospital ID
Formulary — List of meds hospital keeps
Automatic substitution — Switching to formulary drug
🔁 REFILL REVIEW (QUICK RECAP)
Non-controlled Rx validity — 12 months
Early refill rule — ~75% used before insurance pays
🧠 TEST-STYLE CARDS
Who regulates prescribers? — State boards
Who can counsel patients? — Pharmacist
What law requires patient profiles? — OBRA
What checks interactions/allergies? — DUR
Are DEA numbers needed for all prescriptions? — No (only controlled)
🚨 FINAL HIGH-YIELD (MEMORIZE)
OBRA = profiles + counseling + DUR
Only pharmacist = counseling
DEA = controlled only
Five Rights = core safety
ISMP + Joint Commission = abbreviation safety
📚 PATIENT GUIDANCE & LABELING (Quizlet Set)
📄 PATIENT EDUCATION MATERIALS
Medication Guide — FDA-required handout for high-risk meds
When medication guides are required —
Prevent serious adverse events
Inform patient decisions
Ensure proper use
Common meds needing guides —
NSAIDs
Antidepressants
ADHD meds
Insomnia meds
Isotretinoin
Patient Package Insert (PPI) — Detailed manufacturer info about medication
PPI includes — Use, side effects, dosing, storage, warnings
Consumer Information Sheet — General patient-friendly medication info
🏷 PRESCRIPTION LABEL REQUIREMENTS
Must include —
Pharmacy name/address/phone
Rx number
Patient name
Prescriber name
Drug name/strength/form
Directions
Refills
Expiration date
Federal legend
Federal legend — “Caution: Federal law prohibits transfer…”
💊 PACKAGING & DISPENSING
Amber vials purpose — Protect from light
Counting tray cleaning — Use isopropyl alcohol
When to clean tray — After penicillin or sulfa drugs
Childproof packaging law — Poison Prevention Packaging Act
Are blister packs childproof? — No
🏥 TYPES OF PACKAGING
Prescription vials — Tablets/capsules
Ointment jars — Creams/ointments
Dropper bottles — Liquids (eyes/ears)
Blister packs (punch cards) — Unit doses
🧾 UNIT DOSE & REPACKAGING
Unit-dose system — Single-dose packaging (hospitals)
Punch cards — Used for long-term care patients
Repackaging requirements —
Product identification
Environmental protection
Proper handling
Usability
🔐 REMS & ETASU (VERY HIGH-YIELD)
REMS — FDA safety program for high-risk drugs
Purpose of REMS — Ensure benefits outweigh risks
ETASU — Required safety actions before dispensing
Examples of REMS requirements —
Lab monitoring
Pregnancy tests
Registration
💊 MED TYPES
Legend drug — Prescription only
OTC drug — No prescription needed
BTC drug — Behind-the-counter
🔢 NDC (CRITICAL)
NDC definition — Unique drug identifier
3 parts of NDC —
Manufacturer
Drug/strength/form
Package size
NDC importance — Prevents medication errors
Barcode rule — Must match label and stock bottle
🚨 MEDICATION SAFETY
How to prevent errors —
Match NDC
Use barcode scanning
Double-check meds
Look-alike/sound-alike drugs — Major error risk
⚠ FORGERY RED FLAGS
Different ink colors
Messy vs neat handwriting
Large quantities
Photocopied Rx
If suspicious Rx — Notify pharmacist
🧮 CALCULATIONS (MUST KNOW)
Quantity Formula
Quantity = dose × frequency × days
Days Supply
Days supply = quantity ÷ daily dose
tsp to mL
1 tsp = 5 mL
BSA Dosing
Dose = mg/m² × BSA
💧 DILUTION FORMULA
SV × SP = DV × DP
Diluent needed = DV – SV
⚖ RATIO
Ratio — Relationship between two values (mg/mL)
💰 BUSINESS CALCULATIONS
Gross profit — Selling price − cost
Markup % — (Profit ÷ cost) × 100
🧠 TEST-STYLE CARDS
What law requires childproof containers? — Poison Prevention Packaging Act
What ensures high-risk drug safety? — REMS
What must match when filling meds? — NDC/barcode
Who can counsel patients? — Pharmacist
What is 1 tsp in mL? — 5 mL
🚨 FINAL HIGH-YIELD (MEMORIZE THIS)
REMS = high-risk drug safety
NDC = drug identity
1 tsp = 5 mL
Qty = dose × freq × days
OBRA = counseling + profiles
Fraud = weird prescriptions
Nonsterile Compounding
USP <795> — Standard that regulates nonsterile compounding
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What USP <795> covers — Compounding area design, cleaning, training, hygiene, garbing, beyond-use dates, and documentation
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Gloves in nonsterile compounding — Required
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Why nonsterile compounding still requires cleanliness — Products are not sterile, but contamination must still be minimized
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Compounding area location — Away from routine dispensing, counseling, and high-traffic areas
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How often nonsterile compounding area is cleaned — Daily and after each use
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Scale must be tared — Before use to ensure accurate weighing
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Nonsterile Compounding Equipment
Class A balance — Weighs smaller amounts
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Electronic balance — Weighs larger amounts
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Brass weights — Used to calibrate balances and should not be touched with ungloved hands
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Spatula — Used to mix or transfer ingredients
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Weighing paper/boat — Holds ingredients and protects balance surface
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Mortar — Bowl/container used for mixing or grinding
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Pestle — Tool used to grind or mix in mortar
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Ointment slab — Glass surface used for mixing powders, liquids, and creams
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Hot plate — Used to heat or melt ingredients
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Most accurate graduated cylinder — Cylindrical graduated cylinder
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How to read liquid level — At the bottom of the meniscus
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Syringe purpose in compounding — Transfers liquid ingredients
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Molds — Shape troches, suppositories, and tablets
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📚 SIG CODES & ABBREVIATIONS
Routes of Administration
PO — By mouth/orally
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IV — Intravenous
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TOP — Topically
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VAG — Vaginally
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EN — Each nostril
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UD / UT — As directed
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Dosage Forms
CAP — Capsule
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TAB — Tablet
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LIQ — Liquid
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SUSP — Suspension
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SUPP — Suppository
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UNG / OINT — Ointment
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SOL — Solution
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SYR — Syrup
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LOT — Lotion
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Frequency Abbreviations
BID — Twice daily
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Q4H — Every 4 hours
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Q6H — Every 6 hours
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QHS — Every night at bedtime
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PC, HS — After meals and at bedtime
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AM — Morning
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PM — Afternoon/evening
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ASAP — As soon as possible
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STAT — Immediately/at once
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W/ — With
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W/O — Without
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Abbreviations to Avoid
U — Avoid; may be misread as 0, 4, or cc
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IU — Avoid; may be misread as IV or 10
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QD — Avoid; may be misread as QID or QOD
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QOD — Avoid; may be misread as QD or QID
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Trailing zero — Avoid because decimal point may be missed
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No leading zero — Avoid because decimal point may be missed
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📚 ELECTRONIC ALERTS & SAFETY
Computer system checks for — Allergies, interactions, duplicate therapies, contraindications, early refills, and over/underuse
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Who handles simple alerts like refill too soon — Technician may handle
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Who must handle DUR/DDI/allergy alerts — Pharmacist
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DUR alert — Review for dosage problems, age issues, sex contraindications, or utilization problems
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PMP — State-run program tracking controlled substance prescribing and dispensing
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Pre-adjudication alerts — Problems found before claim is processed
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Examples of pre-adjudication alerts — Invalid NDC, incorrect package size, missing days’ supply, invalid prescriber
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Post-adjudication alerts — Messages after claim is processed by insurance
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📚 DISPENSING & DAW CODES
First step in dispensing process — Create or update patient profile
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Use how many identifiers to choose correct patient — At least two identifiers
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Examples of patient identifiers — DOB, middle initial, address, patient number
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DAW codes — Codes indicating substitution or brand/generic selection status
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DAW 0 — No product selection indicated; generic allowed
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DAW 1 — Substitution not allowed by prescriber
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DAW 2 — Patient requested brand
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DAW 3 — Pharmacist selected brand/product dispensed
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DAW 4 — Generic not in stock
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AB rating — FDA rating showing generic is therapeutically equivalent and substitutable
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📚 MEDICATION SAFETY & QUALITY ASSURANCE
Medication error — Preventable event that may cause inappropriate medication use or patient harm
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Just culture — Safety culture focused on learning and system improvement, not automatic blame
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Human error — Unintentional failure; not a behavioral choice
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At-risk behavior — Unsafe choice made because risk seems insignificant or justified
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Reckless behavior — Conscious disregard of substantial risk
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Two patient identifiers — Standard safety practice when receiving and dispensing prescriptions
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Document patient weights in — Kilograms, not pounds
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Never do with unclear prescription — Never make assumptions; clarify with pharmacist/prescriber
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Controlled substances counting best practice — Count at least twice
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🚨 HIGH-YIELD CARDS
USP standard for nonsterile compounding — USP <795>
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Most accurate graduated cylinder — Cylindrical
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1 tsp — 5 mL
QHS — Every night at bedtime
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TOP — Topically
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QD / QOD / U — Abbreviations to avoid
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DAW 0 — Generic allowed
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DAW 1 — Brand medically required by prescriber
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Use two identifiers — Prevents wrong-patient errors
Payment & Insurance
Tiered copays — Different copay amounts based on a drug’s insurance tier
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Tier 1 medications — Usually generics and lowest cost to patient
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Coordination of benefits (COB) — Ensures insurance claims are not paid more than once
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Primary insurance — Insurance billed first
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Medicaid rule — Medicaid is payer of last resort
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Adjudication — Electronic processing of a claim to insurance for approval/payment
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Carrier/insurer — Insurance company
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Processor — Company hired to process claims
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Claim — Request for reimbursement sent to insurer
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Copay/coinsurance — Patient’s share of the cost
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Deductible — Amount patient pays before insurance starts covering costs
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Days’ supply — Number of days the dispensed medication should last
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If a $100 claim returns a $100 patient pay in February — Most likely deductible has not been met yet
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If claim says “Product/Service Not Covered. Xarelto preferred.” — Contact prescriber/pharmacist to request covered alternative
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Refills & On-Hold Prescriptions
On-hold prescription — Prescription entered in profile but not yet filled
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Auto-fill — Automatic refill service for ongoing medications
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First refill check — Make sure refills are still available
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If no refills remain — Prescriber must authorize refills or send new prescription
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When a new prescription is required instead of refill authorization — When directions/change to therapy are different from original prescription
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Prescription Validity
Non-controlled prescription validity — Usually valid for 1 year
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C-III to C-V validity — Usually valid for 6 months and up to 5 refills
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C-II refill rule — No refills; new written prescription needed each time
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Early, Emergency, and Partial Refills
Most insurance plans allow refill how early? — Up to 7 days early
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Refill-too-soon message — Insurance denial when refill is requested too early
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Problem queue — Where prescriptions with processing issues go instead of filling queue
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Why a patient may need an early refill — Travel, lost meds, or taking medication differently than prescribed
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Emergency refill — Short-term supply pharmacist may provide until refill authorization is received
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Typical emergency refill amount — Usually 2 to 3 days of medication
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Partial fill — Pharmacy dispenses only part of prescription due to limited stock
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Typical partial fill amount — Usually 3- to 5-day supply
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If C-II is partially filled because stock is short — Remaining amount is void; patient needs new prescription for the rest
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Dispensing Process
First step in dispensing — Create or update patient profile
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How many identifiers should be used to select correct patient — Two identifiers
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Examples of identifiers — DOB, middle initial, address, patient number
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Patient profile should include updated — Demographics, allergies, meds, medical conditions, insurance
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Prescription Input Steps
Step 1 — Enter date prescription was written
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Step 2 — Enter NDC or medication name/strength and select correct product
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Step 3 — Select correct DAW code
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Step 4 — Enter quantity ordered
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Step 5 — Enter number of refills
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Step 6 — Enter directions for use
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Step 7 — Select correct prescriber and address
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Step 8 — Enter correct days’ supply
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Step 9 — Enter method of receipt (e-script, fax, written, phone, transfer, etc.)
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Step 10 — Select billing option
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Step 11 — Process the entry
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DAW Codes
DAW — Dispense as written code used for substitution decisions
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DAW 0 — No product selection indicated; generic allowed
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DAW 1 — Substitution not allowed by prescriber
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DAW 2 — Patient requested brand product
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DAW 3 — Pharmacist selected product dispensed
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DAW 4 — Generic not in stock
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DAW 5 — Brand dispensed as generic
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DAW 6 — Override
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DAW 7 — Brand mandated by law
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DAW 8 — Generic not available in marketplace
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DAW 9 — Other
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Most common DAW code — DAW 0
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AB rating — FDA rating showing generic is therapeutically equivalent and substitutable
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If prescriber wants brand only — Use DAW 1
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If patient wants brand — Use DAW 2
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Correct DAW for John Q. Smith’s ciprofloxacin transfer — DAW 0
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High-yield cards
Non-controlled Rx valid for — 1 year
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C-III to C-V refills — Up to 5 refills in 6 months
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C-II refills — None
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Most insurers allow refill this many days early — 7 days
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Medicaid billing order — Bill last
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DAW 0 — Generic allowed
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DAW 1 — Brand required by prescriber
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DAW 2 — Brand requested by patient